Understanding of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Free Essay Example, 2500 words

In a new development to understand the neurobiology of OCD, scientists at University of Cambridge's Department of Psychiatry used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). It is located in the frontal lobes and helps in decision making and behavior. The scientists have observed that people with OCD and their close family members show under-activation of brain areas responsible for preventing repetitive behavior. The normal controls and OCD patients participated in the study. They were asked to look at superimposed pictures of a house and a face. The participants were asked to employ trial and error to find out whether the house or face was the correct target. They pressed a button to indicate which image they believed to be the target and response as 'correct' or 'incorrect' flashed on the screen. After the correct target had been identified six times continuously, it changed so the participant had to learn again. The fMRI was used to monitor their patterns of brain activity throughout. Later comparison of fMRI images of their brain activity throughout showed under-activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and other brain areas in both the OCD patients and their family members. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The behavior theory of OCD explains that normal intrusive thoughts, impulses, and images become associated with anxiety that has failed to subside (Swinson, 2001). The behavioral theories hypothesize that a neutral event evokes fear when associated with the offending stimulus.

Childraising - 687 Words

Section A Childraising. The way to raise a child is different form the three texts. The topic of the three texts is freedom and love. It is how you chose to interpret the texts. I think it is love because every parents use love to raise their Childs. To have a mother who decide everything in your childhood. To parents who give you all the space you need to be free and live your childhood completely. The three texts are just some few examples of raise a child. You cannot find a guide to raise a child. To have a â€Å"tiger mother† is the way to be the perfect raised child. It is just the mother, who thinks it is the best way to be the best raised child. And the mother decides the Childs childhood. Then if you have parents who let you†¦show more content†¦In the text Kate Loveys has written â€Å"Let them eat pizza: Parenting guru’s recipe for bringing up child† is there some good examples of raise a child. There is just that the three texts are good on their own way. So you can use them to make a good way you thing, is the best way to raise your child. But in the text you can take it as an example of child also need rules. Let them eat pizza and let them make homework. Tell your child what is wrong and right so they do not make stupid mistakes, forget to enjoy the childhood but take the school seriously. I think it is a good principle some of it. Let your child live like a child, let them eat pizza play games, see television and what ells. But it can be too much. A child need also to be active, they need motion. Motion is good for your child’s body, and it make the brain stay in focus. It is an important thing to stay motivated for the child and the parents. If the child I motivated for something it could be the school, then the child will make good results. But a child needs space and time to learn. It can take days, weeks and maybe years to learn. As a parent is the most important thing in life, to know your child will make it good in the future. And then you must let your child come to you. They always know mom and dad knows best. This is just one way to look at a child raise. It is different form parents to parents how they see the way to raise their child best. But the thing every parent hasShow MoreRelatedEssay on personality766 Words   |  4 Pagespersonality traits have substantial genetic components, and that heredity and environment interact to determine personality. They are generally stable but can be modified by experience. Cross- cultural differences in temperament may reflect childraising practices. A mothers depression, especially if severe or chronic, may have serious consequences for her infants development. Separation anxiety and stranger anxiety may arise during the second half of the first year and appear to be relatedRead MoreWhy I Love My Strict Chinese Mom932 Words   |  4 PagesSection A 1. Give an account of childraising as presented in the three texts Text 1 Sophia Chau-Rubenfeld tells her story of how her mothers †tough love† parenting methods raised her into a strong and independent girl who can make her own decisions. 18-year-old Chau-Rubenfeld thinks her rearing was good, and decided to write an official essay back to her mother, where she tells about how good it is to be raised by a so called tiger mom. She admits that her mum was very strict but that is onlyRead More Political Critique of Race Relations in Alice Walkers Color Purple2156 Words   |  9 Pageskinship in general and to explode the myth of the black mammy in particular. Separated from her own family and forced to join the mayors household against her will, living in a room under the house and assigned the housekeeping and childraising duties, Sophia carries out a role in the mayors household which clearly recalls that of the stereotypical mammy on the Southern plantation. However, as someone who prefers to build a roof on the house while her husband tends theRead MoreMary Kay Cosmetics2689 Words   |  11 Pages The Chinese government took consideration for female workers, they passed out the â€Å"Period Employment† system which women could choose to take three months maternity leave at 100% pay and/or up to seven years off at 70% of basic pay to aid in childraising. Entry Mode Strategy Both external environment and internal resources are crucial in determining the market entry strategy. External Environment The Japanese cosmetics market was well-matured and being the largest direct selling market in theRead MoreMary Kay Cosmetics2698 Words   |  11 Pages The Chinese government took consideration for female workers, they passed out the â€Å"Period Employment† system which women could choose to take three months maternity leave at 100% pay and/or up to seven years off at 70% of basic pay to aid in childraising. Entry Mode Strategy Both external environment and internal resources are crucial in determining the market entry strategy. External Environment The Japanese cosmetics market was well-matured and being the largest direct selling market

An Adverse Reaction To Medical Treatment A Clinical Situation

Question: Discuss about theAn Adverse Reaction To Medical Treatment for a Clinical Situation. Answer: Introduction: An 80 year old woman was admitted to a reputed hospital for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia. Upon reviewing her past medical history, she was found to be institutionalized in a nursing home for a prolonged period owing to multiple factors such as her increasing age, developing dementia, and her constant health issues. Her caregivers were not satisfied with the nursing home staff, as they felt that the woman was not constantly monitored, not even when she was eating, and she was left to fend for herself most of the time. Due to the carelessness of the staff, she was found to experience symptoms of choking breathing difficulty while eating, which was later diagnosed to be aspiration pneumonia. Her caregiver had previously reported such incidents in the course of her institutionalization, which unfortunately was passively dismissed. Upon hospitalization, she was administered an intravenous dose of Clindamycin for a couple of days. Upon her condition improving, she was discharged, with a follow-up regimen of 10ml oral Clindamycin liquid 4 times a day for 7 days. The patient did not turn up for the next two follow-up sessions which were scheduled for two consecutive weeks. Upon investigation, it was found out that she was in a very bad shape, dehydrated, with a severe bout of diarrhea. Two days later, she was reported to have passed away from severe diarrhea. Apparently, the caregivers had not informed the hospital about the patients death, and felt that the hospital was responsible for her death. This turned out as a severe shock to the hospital, who decided to review on her case to find out where things could have gone wrong, and who was responsible for the issue. The cause of the patients death was attributed to the adverse effects of the drug Clindamycin on the patients body. (Johnson, 1999) An Adverse Reaction To Medical Treatment The Aftermath The news of the patients death would have definitely come in as a shock to the hospitals healthcare staff involved in managing the patient. A lot of complicated processes and investigations would follow where in the staff silently becomes a second victim to the incident.(Seys, Albert, Gerven, Vleugels, 2012) TheImpact on the staff The news of the patients death would have definitely come in as a shock to the hospitals healthcare staff involved in managing the patient. Initially, the staff would panic, and express disbelief over the situation. The initial shock would give way to remorse, and they would berate themselves on not managing the patient properly. The staff would experience an emotional turmoil, with the apprehension of losing ones job, losing ones professional license, the financial and familial impact of unemployment, the possibility of involving in a lawsuit, and the reactions of the immediate community. (Wu, 2000) After subsequent happenings, and return to ones daily life proceedings, the individual would experience lack of self esteem, self-doubt, depression, symptoms of societal withdrawal and guilt. The psychological damage to the individual would be deep, and without any intervention, it could consume the individual. Though a few individuals have been able to put the past behind them and start on a new lease of life, a majority of the second victims have either quit their professions, or have taken up their lives. (Scott S. D., 2011) Role of other Staff in the Aftermath of the Event The staff who has committed a grave mistake leading to the patients death would immediate need reassurance by the peers, and her supervisors. She must not be treated at that point of time as solely responsible for the error, but as a human who has committed a mistake. Everyone concerned must remember that the staff has erred, and that it could happen to anybody. This particular staff would definitely have to face the consequences of her task, but letting an error of judgment affect her life would be very cruel, given that the psychological trauma which the individual faces would be very high.(Scott, Hirschinger, Cox, 2009) As a senior to the staff, the physician might let the staff describe her perspective of the incident, and validate what exactly went wrong, instead of taking her to task without letting her have any say on the incident. After all, there was no practitioner who has progressed without making any mistakes; they might have been just lucky to have escaped from serious issues. (Santomauro, Kalkman, Dekker, 2014) Deeper Impact of the Event An eventuality involving a clinical judgmental error not only affects the staff concerned, it also has a severe impact on the organization, its culture and dynamics. If the staff is relieved from her duties, there would be a general air of apprehension in the team, which would be an adverse influence on their confidence levels. If the staff continues, there would be a sense of awkwardness to interact with her; the situation would seem delicate. The trust on the staff would reduce exponentially, and certain challenges would not be allocated to her for a while. This would lead to increased feelings of depression and guilt in the staff. (Grissinger, 2014) Overall, the reputation of the staff and the hospital is in stake, as if the client decides to move a lawsuit against the hospital, the hospitals image would be tarnished. There is always the constant fear of negative projection by the media; what was a decent reputed hospital would be seen as an incompetent hospital, which would be detrimental for the hospital. Investigating and Reporting First of all, in an event like this, the staff that was in charge of the patient must be asked to give a report of the management of the patient, and must provide justification for each and every clinical decision taken. In this case, the adverse reaction of the drug presumably triggered diarrhea in the patient, leading to her death. The issues to be discussed are the rationale behind choosing the drug Clindamycin over other antibiotics, whether the age, physical and medical condition of the patient was considered upon administering the drug, whether the staff had considered the potential side effects of the drug on the patient, the correctness of the prescribed dosage, etc. (Treiber J., 2010) External investigations would be with the hospital management, on the staffs alleged error, and the Department of Pathology for the autopsy of the patient (which in this case was not applicable). The reporting must be done in a professional and unbiased manner, considering that the staff has no intentions to cause the incident, and that it was a human error. Supporting the Second Victims Whatever be the error on the part of the staff, he/she must be treated with respect and dignity as a healthcare professional. The staff must be immediately given psychological first aid, which is re-assurance, an opportunity and space to vent out their emotions, and a listening ear, to be able to listen to their feelings of emotional turmoil. This would help the staff get into terms with the situation, cope with depression, and prevent suicidal tendencies. The support of the staffs immediate family and society is much needed during the initial stages of the incident.(Decker, 2012) They must be empowered, with a renewed opportunity to work and utilize their skill in healthcare service. A lot of budding talent and a huge expertise have been lost due to the staffs quitting from his/her profession upon committing an error. They must be encouraged to work, by trusting them; this would help them get back on to their feet.(Burlison, Scott, Browne, Thompson, Hoffman, 2014 ) Role of Second Victims iPreventing Adverse Events Only a person who has committed a mistake would know the pain of its consequences, and the emotional turmoil associated with it. A second victim, who has decided to put the past behind, would possess a great deal of additional responsibility, in order to not commit any serious error in the future. She would have a great sense of empathy, which would hone her professional skills further, and make her more caring and approachable. A person who has made a mistake would be an efficient guide to other staff; and if she feels comfortable could quote herself as an example to other staff, thus reminding them to be extra careful in their work. She would naturally set the bar higher, in order to provide sincere and dedicated service to the patients in future.(Scott Hirschinger, 2009) Second victims are the unknown, unseen and unspoken people whom we often encounter in our daily lives. Whatever might be their error, treating them as humans would go a long way in restoring their faith in themselves, and in humanity. References Burlison, J. D., Scott, S. D., Browne, E. K., Thompson, S. G., Hoffman, J. M. (2014 ). The second victim experience and support tool (SVEST): Validation of an organizational resource for assessing second victim effects and the quality of support resources. Journal of Patient Safety . Decker, S. (2012). The Second Victim. Griffith University. Grissinger, M. (2014). Too Many Abandon the Second Victims Of Medical Errors. Pharmacy and Therapeutics , 591592. Johnson, S. S. (1999). Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. New England Journal of Medicine , 1645-1651. Santomauro, C., Kalkman, C., Dekker, S. (2014). Second victims, organisational resilience and the role of hospital administration. Journal of Hospital Administration , 95-103. Scott, S. D. (2011). The Second Victim Phenomenon: A Harsh Reality of Health Care Professions. Patient Safety Network . Scott, S., Hirschinger, L. (2009). The natural history of recovery for the healthcare provider 'second victim' after adverse patient events. Quality and Safety in Healthcare , 325-330. Scott, S., Hirschinger, D., Cox, K. (n.d.). Sharing the load of a nurse "second victim" - Rescuing the Healer after trauma. PR . Seys, D., Albert, W. W., Gerven, E. V., Vleugels, A. (2012). Health care professionals as second victims after adverse events: a systematic review. London. Treiber, L., J., J. (2010). Devastatingly human: An analysis of registered nurse's medication error accounts. Qualitative Health Research , 1327-1342. Wu, A. W. (2000). Medical error: the second victim - The doctor who makes the mistake needs help too. British Medical Journal , 726727.

Ethics In Criminal Justice Forgiveness Essay Example For Students

Ethics In Criminal Justice Forgiveness Essay Ethics in Criminal Justice Forgiveness The issue to be discussed concerns the act of forgiving. Forgiveness can be shown in many different ways. The degree of forgiveness depends on ones personal beliefs. There are many ethical systems that one can apply forgiveness to. But I will apply forgiveness to my own ethical system. I live my life as a Christian and I try to live by its principles. I also believe that my God is a forgiving God and that I should be in his likeness. In this particular situation, I would have to forgive Carl for what he had done. Christianity teaches that one should be forgiven, no matter what the circumstances are. Christians believe that God sees our faults and he forgives our faults daily. So we in turn have to forgive our brother, because God is so forgiving to us. Simon could have been bitter because of what had happen to his people. But in my ethical system, he is not allowed to hold on to those feelings. First, I would tell Carl, that I would forgive him. Carl would be a bit shocked because he wouldnt expect me to be so forgiving. Then, I would go into explaining that my ethical beliefs would not allow me to hold any ill feelings toward him. I would tell Carl that my ethical beliefs are based upon forgiveness. I would advise Carl that he should pray and ask God for forgiveness. Forgiveness, according to my ethical system is not based on what the action is or what the punishment will be. But rather it focuses how one needs to go beyond anothers faults and forgive them anyhow. Compared to ethical formalism, it is very different because motive or intent is not a determining factor in my ethical system. Christianity teaches that one should be forgiven in spite of. My ethical system can be compare to utilitarianism because it is based on a decision that will benefit of the whole. When a man admits that he has done wrong and he is sincerely sorry, then he should be forgiven. By Simon forgiving Carl he saved another person from dying a silent death. Ethics Essays .