Christo and Jeane Claude Essay

Christo and Jeane Claude are a husband and wife team. These two artists are famous for transforming the ordinary into fabulous artwork, such as wrapping buildings. They accept no government grants or funding, no donations, their only income is from the sales of their artwork. Nearly all of their artshows take place outdoors, often in public parks requiring no admission fees. Their identity or famous slogan as the wrapping artists came from their controversial work named Wrapped Reichstage, Berlin, 1971-1995, an entire German Parliament Building in silver fabric looking like a wedding cake. (Sternbergh,no date). Many significant national symbols have been transformed and giving new identities by many artists. Buildings, nature’s creations, world events have become best selling books, movies, musicals, songs and plays. Anytime an artist develops anything, adding their identity to it, the item takes on that new image. The Christos saw buildings in a way no one else saw it. The Reichstage building in Berlin became a piece of sculpture or artwork when Christo and Jeane Claude wrapped the building. Artwork expands on natural traditions, allowing others to use their imaginations to interpret the meanings. â€Å"The Christos have created some of the most breathtaking works of the 20th century using fabric in, over through and around natural and constructed forms† Powell, director of national art gallery. The Christos use fabric to give an original style to traditional paintings, sculptures and buildings† (no author, 2002).Wrapping the Reichstage building, giving the illusion of a wedding cake transformed the building into an artistic sculpture. Notes; Sternbergh, Adam (no date) The passion of the Christos; New York Entertainment; nymag. com date retrieved July 24, 2007 http://nymag. com/nymetro/arts/features/10897/ No author (2/4/2002) First American Survey of Christo and Jeanne Claude; artdaily. org; Date retrieved; July 24, 2007 http://www. artdaily. com/section/news/index. asp? int_sec=2&int_new=48&b=Christo%20and%20Jeanne-Claude

Controversial Aspects of Waldorf School Education Essay

Waldorf schools are a fairly new phenomenon in our country. They first appeared in our educational system in the school year1992/1993 and since their foundation have expanded. Nowadays, we can see a Waldorf school or at least its scion almost in every city. Their popularity among parents increases and although they struggle for their existence, they somehow manage to keep their status of a state school. To an uninitiated observer, such a school type seems very creative and child friendly. Many positive aspects cannot be denied but there are always two sides to everything. Unfortunately, not many critical essays were written on the topic of Waldorf education, although some aspects are fundamental and should be publicly disclosed. The aim of this paper is to focus on the aspects and help parents as well as the teachers themselves to direct their attention to Waldorf thought context which is not openly presented. If parents consider enrolling their child in a Waldorf school, they should be highly aware of the fact that it is not only the school itself and its nice methods that are apparent and very alluring at first glance, but principally, it is the lifestyle that accompanies it. Waldorf schooling is not for everyone, especially not in the 21st century. Their rejection of technological devices or even of some scientific theories of knowledge should be transparent. People often choose it on account of their own often unhappy childhood but such a decision is not for us but for the children we love and want the best for. According to one Czech proverb which declares that â€Å"It is never too late for a rectification†, the child psychologists do not agree in the case of Waldorf education. When there appears a serious problem, parents along with the psychologist are to react speedily. It is too late to start thinking about a change of school in primary class five. In such case, the best solution, according to specialists, is to stay and complete the whole Waldorf school. A child would have too many problems and serious difficulties to adapt to an ordinary school system. Such a decision could even worsen the whole situation. If the result of an elementary school choice, which is crucial for the future studying attitude of our children fails, it can lead into a disaster. If, (especially Waldorf) schooling fails due to either misunderstanding and misuse of the philosophy or due to insufficient education of teachers who explain certain aspects in the wrong way, the result equals psychological problems of the child, the reluctance of education, thus school in general and as the icing on the cake could be the sleepless nights and nausea of the whole family. One should always get the opportunity to learn the pros and cons of the matter as we are all aware of the great vulnerability of children. Historical background  Rudolf Steiner, the founder of the first Waldorf school in Germany in 1919, based the curriculum of Waldorf school on unique elements of art in which the students learn subject matters stimulate through an amount of different representations. His pedagogy is designed for the students’ developmental growth. He created a whole system in which teachers themselves govern the school and along with the parents and supporters of the school, they create a community based on the aspects of Anthroposophy (a school of thought that grew out of Theosophy), a spiritual path from which Waldorf school springs and is devoted to. Steiner himself describes the initial process of the whole idea of Waldorf school as follows. â€Å"The first idea was to provide an education for children whose parents were working in the Waldorf Astoria Factory, and as the Director was a member of the Anthroposophical Society, he asked me to arrange this education †¦ and so, in the first place, the Waldorf School arose as a school for humanity as such, fashioned, it could in fact be said, out of the working-class†¦ ere then, we have an educational institution arising on a social basis, that seeks to found the whole spirit and method of its teaching upon Anthroposophy. † (Rudolf Steiner, A Modern Art of Education p. 88) Waldorf Schools and Religion Waldorf schools are often called free Waldorf schools and they are also said to be non-religious. Such facts do not entirely correspond with the definition of Anthroposophy – a philosophy created by Steiner. Waldorf education itself is grounded on Anthroposophy al though such a fact is not often publicly proclaimed. The definition of Anthroposophy given by Rudolf Steiner in 1923 is following: â€Å"an association of people who would foster the life of the soul, both in the individual and in human society, on the basis of a true knowledge of the spiritual world. †(Rudolf Steiner lecture on Color and the Races of Humankind 1923, London) Such a definition discloses the religious implication of Anthroposophy. â€Å"The life of the soul† could be also suggested as a religious term as well as the â€Å"spiritual world†. Steiner’s allegation of â€Å"true knowledgeâ€Å"in the definition evokes the idea that no other philosophy might be true and thus can Anthroposophy be viewed as a sect according to some definitions. Despite the fact that Waldorf schools deny being religious or occultist, many common sources define Anthroposophy as a religious movement. Encyclopedia Britannica defines Anthroposophy as â€Å"a movement based on the notion that there is a spiritual world comprehensible to pure but accessible only to the highest faculties of mental knowledge† (http://www. ritannica. com, 20/11/12) The Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines Anthroposophy as â€Å"a 20th century religious system growing out of theosophy and centering on human development. † (http://www. m-w. com/cgibin/dictionary, 20/11/12). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy interprets Anthroposophy in a similar way and names it â€Å"The Christian and occultist movement associated with Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) emphasizing the cultivation of spiritual nature and the way to gain spiritual awareness of a higher world† (Oxford, 1994, p. 5) Anthroposophy is not only involved in education but we can recognize this philosophical direction in several other activities including healing dance – eurhythmy, the arts, medical practice, health and hygiene, biodynamic agriculture, banking and financial consulting, publishing, the anthropological Society and also a formal Church called The Christian Community. (http://www. waldorfcritics. org, 6/12/12). Criticism of Waldorf Schools Education or schooling of our children should certainly be objective as much as possible without occultist practices. We should educate independent human beings able to view their lives with freedom, able to search for verifiable information themselves without penalties. Freedom of choice should be the right for every individual. One should not be excluded or asked to â€Å"leave† when asking â€Å"inconvenient† or â€Å"suspicious† questions. The evidence is not only found in personal experience of many people, but there are several commentaries about obscure theories and indefinite views described on a website for non-sectarian schools called PLANS. We can find a number of such websites that criticize similar matters but PLANS seems to be working with dedicated researchers, people who used to work very closely for the Waldorf schools and whose first great impression of the whole system reached alarming proportions after several years inside the system. Many a reader may raise objections against their criticism but since there are always the same asked questions and repeatedly occurring the same problems that harm, we should not make light of this problem. One should be aware of the fact that it is not a common criticism of an ordinary school system and its problems. Students as well as their parents naturally face everyday unpleasant situations that appear at school due to many common factors. Such ordinary problems often emerge from misunderstanding of two sides, student’s negative attitude towards their studies and similar problems. In Waldorf schools there certainly arise the already mentioned problems as well but what makes the two educational systems different is the fact that people involved in the common educational process do not usually set up, generally speaking, groups against the system or organizations searching for precise fundamental questions about the nature of certain practices of the system itself. The following quotation from the website can sketch a broad outline of PLANS to clarify their activities. |†Welcome! People for Legal and Non-Sectarian Schools (PLANS) is a world-wide network of former Waldorf parents, teachers, students, | |administrators and trustees who come from a variety of backgrounds with a common goal: to educate the public about the reality behind Waldorf’s| |facade of progressive, arts-based education. Waldorf is the most visible activity of Anthroposophy, an occultist sect founded by Rudolf Steiner| |(1861-1925). (www. waldorfcritics. org 4/12/12) | The statement about the â€Å"most visible activity of Anthroposophyâ€Å"might be one of the crucial points that may cause the everlasting confusion in understanding of â€Å"who they actually are†. There are certain signs that most decidedly catch the observer’s eye and facilitate Waldorf schools. It is always the choice of colours, natural materials and pictures that often portra y angels or such spiritual beings. Symbolism is used across the whole Waldorf educational system. These indications and signs often lead the outside observer to a conclusion that Waldorf school uses religious devices to present itself. Nevertheless one of the official definitions of Waldorf school found in Webster Dictionary states that: â€Å"Waldorf education (also known as Steiner education) is the largest independent alternative educational movement in the world. It is based on the ideas of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Learning is interdisciplinary, integrating practical, artistic, and conceptual elements. The approach emphasizes the role of the imagination in learning, developing thinking that includes a creative as well as an analytic component. The educational philosophy’s overarching goals are to provide young people the basis on which to develop into free, morally responsible and integrated individuals and to help every child fulfil his or her unique destiny, the existence of which anthroposophy posits. Schools and teachers are given considerable freedom to define curricula within collegial structures. † (www. merriam-webster. om 9/1/13) In the definition the reader does not receive any information about religious or occultist practice in Waldorf education. The whole characteristic of the school seems unique, interesting and at first sight describing an ideal type of school. Many a parent prefers such a school and there is no wonder that the description attracts parents who want to have an independent, creative child that is voluntarily seeking knowledge. The last sen tence of the definition is nevertheless crucial and to an educated and experienced teacher, it probably foreshadows further questions. At this point it is essential to emphasize that particularly the Czech Waldorf school collegial structures are made up of often non- teachers or of teachers who reached the high school education only. A further sample of the text written by Debra Snell, the President of the association PLANS summarizes, through her personal experience, the feelings and thoughts of majority of people who happened to be a part or came into contact with the Waldorf education. †My personal experience with Waldorf was very confusing. Instead of the progressive and liberal alternative school I was led to expect by the school’s promotional materials and staff, I discovered a rigid, authoritarian environment that seemed to be rooted in a medieval dogma that I did not understand. When, in an effort to make sense of things, I asked questions about this, I found Waldorf teachers to be strangely defensive†. â€Å"I was stunned to arrive at the conclusion that the education of children — at least as I use the term â€Å"education† — did not seem to be the school’s most important focus and objective. But what was? † â€Å"I began to ask questions. What is Anthroposophy? Why don’t teachers allow students in the preschool through the early elementary grades to use black crayons in their drawings? Why do students use the wet-on-wet watercolour painting technique exclusively for so many years? Why is mythology taught as history? Where is the American flag, and why don’t Waldorf schools teach civics lessons in America? In a school system that promotes itself as â€Å"education toward freedom,† why do students copy everything from the blackboard? Why do Waldorf teachers talk in high voices and sing-song directions to their classes? Why must the kindergarten room walls be painted â€Å"peach blossom†? Why is learning to read before the age of 8 or 9 considered unhealthy? Why do so many Waldorf classes have problems with bullying, and what is the school’s policy for dealing with this? Why are teachers always lighting candles? † (www. waldorfcritics. org 4/12/12) Snell points out existing questions and facts many parents begin to sense when explanations to their questions start being vague or ambiguous. Every question is worth answering especially a question of a parent or a child. Unfortunately many parents who place their children to Waldorf school often get a recommendation to leave when asking too much. Why are not the answers obvious and logical? Why do not the parents receive any straight explanation? There have been many similar questions asked by parents all over the world and as we can see, while browsing the internet and other sources such as debates and newspaper articles, very often such questions stay unanswered. No matter which country the Waldorf school backers come from, their experience and feelings are very similar. They wish to find clear answers, which is not a simple task, but generally one could be satisfied at least to gain some basic awareness and knowledge of the facts why at all we shall ask these questions. There are so many controversial issues, such as writing in capital letters only until the age of eight, as well as not learning to read until a certain time, the prohibition of electronic devices such as a CD, DVD player, a computer or the lighting of candles to attract the good spiritual forces.

Importance of education and knowledge

Education or knowledge could help people make better choices, but not all will make those choices. People won't because they care about the money in their pocket. Some Just don't care because they won't have to live through it. They expect younger generations to do something about it so they don't have to. people do try to change the world, and do try very hard to do so, but if you want to make a change you have to change yourself.For somebody to change it would or will be really hard because you may have to come out of your comfort zone, which would be awkward of course. If I chose to change I myself will have to come out of that zone, the way I eat, the way I do things, what I do on my spare time and my attitude towards things. If I were to change something in the world I would try to make one day out of one month for each month of no driving.which would involve spending a lot of time researching and a lot of interviews and will have to some how get into a conference out doing some thing for the worldOne day each month would help slowdown global warming not by much, but it is a step closer to a better world. If Everyone did a little something to help the world they could change it a lot. Also if some people really paid attention maybe the they might try a little to change the world, like those commercials for dog shelters they wish they could take them all but they can't because they don't have enough money, or already have a dog or just not allowed to have a pets. For some people they may have to go extremely far if they want to complete their goal. some people don't change very much and still change in the world like â€Å"Gandhi†Gandhi was an English lawyer that went to India, but didn't like a law, so he set out to change this law of Indian rights. He changed by living like one of the Indians, he had a hard time changing this law, he was arrested quite a few times. But other people were killed over standing up with gandhi, but eventually beat the g overnment had the law changed but not long after his change a war broke out because some people didn't like the idea and so set out a riot against him. While the riot was going on gandhi said some word and they stopped and after a few days some guy killed him. It does take a lot of effort to change some thing really big, it may even involve jail or  death but not likelyTo change something drastically you may have to be willing to take the consequences. it only takes one human being you seen something is have to try and see we're you may end up

Markan Interpretation of Miracles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Markan Interpretation of Miracles - Essay Example The setting of the miracles is important and includes the physical environment in which the characters in the gospel lived, as well as, the props that make up the environment. Three settings figure prominently in the gospel of Mark; the wilderness, the sea, and Jerusalem. The sea is important in the gospel of Mark, being referred to forty nine times or brought up directly. There is no other setting is given attention in the gospel of Mark. There is an obvious relationship between the miracles present in the gospel of Mark and the sea and these are stressed in two ways: the placement of references to the sea in the gospel’s first half and the number of miracles happening in the sea. In the story of Mark, the sea is a locale of chaos, destruction, fellowship and instruction (Blackburn 32). In the Markan story events, the two thousand swine and all the demons that possessed them are drowned in the sea. In addition, a dramatic storm in the sea threatens Christ and his disciples wi th destruction. This scene served to demonstrate the faith and dominion of Jesus over evil, as well as reveal the disciples’ lack of faith. At one point, the writer describes Christ as teaching while in a boat. Jesus, in this case, is pictured as a man on the sea. Such images are filled with various possibilities for mediation between the spatial opposites. Such settings in the gospel of Mark cast an unquestionable link between the content of Christ’s parables, as well as his teachings of the kingdom’s in-breaking (Boring 12). The wilderness is encountered in the early parts of the of Mark’s gospel. John the Baptist makes an appearance in the wilderness, then Jesus is driven into the wilderness, and Peter then comes to him in the wilderness. Finally, Christ and his disciples go to the wilderness during a retreat, where the multitude follows them. In the opening chapter, mark points the audience towards the wilderness, four times, which bears importance fr om a symbolic or mythical standpoint. The Jewish scriptures offer two interpretations of the wilderness: a place of divine providence and divine testing, as well as a place containing prophesied transformation in the messianic age (Telford 40). The two aspects are linked into the Markan scheme. The wilderness threatens Yahweh’s people very existence, but also greatly illuminates God’s readiness and power to dispel the threat. There is evidence that the story of the wilderness carries a dual significance. The wilderness at times is threatening and hostile while, at other times it turns into a place of preparation. The wilderness is the locale for the testing of the disciples, as well as, a demonstration of God’s power in Christ. God’s provision of bread is made more dramatic in the gospel, by the harsh nature of the wilderness and can be associated with the incident during which Yahweh provided manna to the Israelites in the desert. Such emphasis on the se tting argues for the view that there is a deeper and parabolic meaning to the miracles performed in the desert (Telford 43). Jerusalem, just like the wilderness and the sea, provides a key setting for the narrative of Mark to take place. Jerusalem in the gospel is representative of the geo-political space within which the gospel can be interpreted. While reading the gospel of mark, the reader becomes gradually aware of the final destination of Christ is Jerusalem. In the gospel of Mar

Smoldering Combustion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Smoldering Combustion - Essay Example For instance, a cigarette produces char due to the chemical contents, but the combustion is influenced by physical factors. This implies that the physical elements spur the chemical reactions through the oxidation process that attack the cigarette contents. The article also tackles the post-initiation features of smoldering. This comprises of various smoldering models, such as one and two-dimensional smolder models. However, oxygen controls the entire combustion process and this depends on the rate and degree of the reaction. One-dimensional smolder spreads based on the oxygen diffusion, either upwards or outwards from the layer of fuel particles (Ohlemiller 2-220). This model is restricted by reverse and forward propagation approaches. The combustion reaction is sometimes instigated by self-sustained processes. In this regard, self-sustained smolder propagation is prevalent by the oxidation kinetics of a solid. Reverse propagation is when oxygen diffuses to the reaction region from the external surface of the fuel layer. Forward propagation also affects the one-dimensional smolder in which oxygen flows in the similar direction as the movement of the smolder front (Ohlemiller

BUDGETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUDGETING - Coursework Example Business planning, being one of the internal processes, can be made more successful if the business prevents any implications and problems in its projects and practices its being planning about. Budgeting helps these processes in the most effective way by managing the cash flow and helps you to decide when to invest in which project you have planned at the right time which will produce the best results. All during the business planning, a budget plans helps to control the finances, gives you assurance whether you can fulfill your ongoing commitments or not, helps you to decide the best financial decision which fulfills your objectives and last but not the least, it helps to plan and gives you estimation regarding the money you can spend on your future expansionary plans. Budgeting should not be mixed with the forecasting because unlike a forecast, budgeting is a ‘planned’ outcome which the business thrives to get to its achievement (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). When it c omes to business planning, it also includes one of the most technical business tasks which is decision making. Budgeting improves this decision making process because it gives you a clear cut idea that which plan is practical and which can be fulfilled with the finance in hand. With the help of effective budgeting skill, a business can never run out of cash or even some issues are detected in cash flow, they can be easily found out and fixed before time. This clearly gives a deep understanding about the relationship between budgeting and business planning (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). These two benefits the business if done effectively and efficiently together. Budgeting being the provider of control and accountability over the finances and revenues of the business, aid business planning and make it successful. The reasons behind a planning are fulfilled with the help of making a budget but it never helps the most when it comes to business control. This is an entirely different thin g and cannot be related with budgeting. The above explanation illustrates how budgeting can be a great help in planning and it’s actually doesn’t play any vital role in business control. With the help of Capital budgeting, evaluation of investment proposals can be done easily in the best possible way. Such type of budgeting actually helps a business to decide which proposal should be ranked first so that it can be undertaken and investment can be made on it. For any investment, a business needs a proper financial plan because it will be business’s finances and capital returns which will be invested and benefits in the future will be gained and as budgeting is a part of financial planning, so without it, an investment proposal cannot be evaluated (Wildavsky, 1996). When it comes to evaluation, the first thing to do is to come up with all the possible strengths and weaknesses of a specific proposal, and when it comes to investment, business has to be really carefu l and should dream of only fulfilling those proposals which can be undertaken and comes in the boundary of business’s finances. In capital budgeting, the speed of evaluation process gets geared up as by using this method; those proposals are top ranked which include no real choice for example replacing a leaking sewer line with an updated one, as this one will remove any

Mod 3 Pre-trial and trial procedures Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mod 3 Pre-trial and trial procedures - Assignment Example In December 7 1993, Colin Ferguson from Jamaica started shooting passengers on a commuter train at random killing six and injuries 16 people; after he stopped to reload, the passengers restrained him. When appearing in court, he self-represented himself but the eyewitnesses and the prosecutor managed to convince the magistrate to sentence him to more than 200 jail terms in New York Attica Prison. The critics of this case argue that he was not in his sane mind to stand trial hence the court was wrong to convict and sentence him (People v Ferguson248, N.Y App 1998). In the Poucell v Alabama, 287 U.S case, fourteen African youths were unfairly charged by the court for reportedly raping two white women, the case which was popularly known as the ‘Scottsboro case’ where within two weeks of arrest, they were convicted, tried and sentenced to death; the Supreme Court reversed this conviction. In Indiana a defendant was found competent to self-represent but the trial court did not allow him to, even though he was competent. An attorney was appointed to represent him, but he was sentenced, following a Foreta, a similar case wherein it was held by the Supreme Court that the accused was competent to self-represent. The disposal of petty offenses; these cases guarantee that either a fine or a short jail term is imposed. Cases such as common traffic laws and breaking of local regulations fall into this category. The Preliminary hearing is where the magistrate hears the state’s case and determines if it can appear before the grand jury or not. The functions of grand jury include: preventing baseless, discriminatory and overzealous charges by examining hearings and evidence presented before it. The grand jury also has power to order the witnesses to appear before it, issue immunity or hold the individuals in contempt. The jurisdiction and venue: before a court hears a case and rules, it

Article on an international homeland security issue to review Assignment

Article on an international homeland security issue to review - Assignment Example es done by the attack and ensure a quick and full recovery from the trauma while still figuring out ways of preventing the repetition of such attacks. One of the most feared terrorist groups that threaten the United States is the Al- Qaeda group. The group is made up of terrorists mostly from the Middle East that is mostly Muslims with the claim that what they do is the call of Allah, their God. The group was formed around the year 1988 with Osama Bin Laden as the major founder. The group works as a network that has many armies in different countries all over the world under small subdivisions and hence it is not very easy to intercept their communications. Their first major and shocking attack that was felt throughout the world was their attack on the twin towers in the United States of America back in 2001. The attack left scores of people dead and others wounded and this is what made the United States acknowledge the importance of the department of homeland security. Characteristics that make the group stand out from the rest are its suicide attacks. The group beliefs in the utter completion of a mission failure to which, their life is of no use. The group does not believe in hell. The group is of the notion that after their death, they go to heaven and meet Allah waiting for them with the 40 virgins that they are promised. The Al-Qaeda group believes in complete allegiance to the rules that are offered by their leaders without any questions asked. This is for the assurance of their families’ safekeeping and ensuring that they carry out their tasks to the prime of their capabilities, (Bruno 2011). The organization of the group has most of the times been described as being centralized when it comes to decision making but however, the ideology changes to decentralization when it comes to the execution of the decisions made. Experts in the field have argued that the group has over the years broken down into smaller groups that are no longer affiliated with the

Nursing Case Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Case Studies - Essay Example Case study represents two cases in nursing practice: Ms. A. and Mr. P. Ms. A. is an apparently healthy 26-year-old white woman. Since the beginning of the current golf season, Ms. A has noted increased shortness of breath and low levels of energy and enthusiasm. These symptoms seem worse during her menses. Today, while playing in a golf tournament at a high, mountainous course, she became light-headed and was taken by her golfing partner to the emergency clinic. The attending physician’s notes indicated a temp of 98 degrees F, an elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. Ms. A states, â€Å"Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal have been a problem for 10-12 years, and I take 1,000 mg of aspirin every 3 to 4 hours for 6 days during menstruation.† During the summer months, while playing golf, she also takes aspirin to avoid â€Å"stiffness in my joints.† Laboratory values are also presented in the essay. The question to the case 1 is as follows: Considering the circumstances and the preliminary workup, what type of ane mia does Ms. A most likely have? Mr. P is a 76-year-old male with cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure who has been hospitalized frequently to treat CHF symptoms. He has difficulty maintaining diet restrictions and managing his polypharmacy. He has 4+ pitting edema, moist crackles throughout lung fields, and labored breathing. There is no family other than his wife, who verbalizes sadness over his declining health and over her inability to get out of the house. She is overwhelmed with the stack of medical bills, as Mr. P always took care of the financial issues. Mr. P is despondent and asks why God has not taken him. The question to the case 2 is as follows: Which nursing approach to care will be the best to fit this case?RESPONSES CASE 1 Ms. A’s case and the clinical results give very symptomatic indications of the type of anemia she may be suffering from at the moment. In the first place, it is important to establish that Ms. A currently is privilege to both symptoms of her anemia in general and sign s pointing to the type of anemia she is suffering from. It is important to establish these two clear distinctions because of the rationale that a problem well identified is a problem that can get good management and subsequent cure. Firstly, quoting from various sources, Annette (2003) observes that â€Å"anemia refers to red blood cell (RBC) mass, amount of hemoglobin, and/or volume of packed RBCs less than normal.† The predetermined conditions for measuring the normalcy or otherwise of the red blood cell as given by Annette (2003) is â€Å"either as a hematocrit or hemoglobin concentration > 2 standard deviations below the normal mean for age (Abshire, 2001; Cohen, 1996; Korones & Cohen, 1997; Walters & Abelson, 1996). From this definition, it could be observed that symptoms such as shortness of breath, low levels of energy and lowered enthusiasm are actually symptoms only to the anemia she is suffering in general. Indeed there would be shortness of breath because of the i ll-functioning nature of red blood cells, which are supposed to transport blood to the heart to make the heart function in a normal way with reference to both external and internal respiration. There also exist low levels of energy and enthusiasm because there is impairment to the use of energy by the heart (Saari, 1999). The traces of clinical events and general rationale bring the discussion closer to knowing the type of anemia Ms. A was suffering from. It is reported that there exists over 400 types of anemia (Web MD, 2012). Careful consideration would however reveal that Ms. A is suffering from moderate anemia, which is highly nutritional. First, the anemia is regarded as moderate particularly because of the levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and Erythrocyte count. Annette (2003) for instance observes that in moderate anemia, hemoglobin of 8-9.5 g/dl may present. The current hemoglobin is also quoted as 8.0 g/dl. In a

Individual Assignment Collecting Data Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignment Collecting Data Essay Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Saying no to things that make you uncomfortable is just as important in college as it was when you lived with your parents. Many students experiment with alcohol or sex during their college years, but if you dont want to do these things, dont let anyone pressure you into them. Your college experience should be about having fun, exploring who you are and preparing for your future via your classesnot about doing things you dont truly want to do. This pack includes BSHS 405 Week 2 Individual Assignment Collecting Data Business Management Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website.   Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidel To get this material Click this link https://bitly.com/12BY8mO Saying no to things that make you uncomfortable is just as important in college as it was when you lived with your parents. Many students experiment with alcohol or sex during their college years, but if you dont want to do these things, dont let anyone pressure you into them. Your college experience should be about having fun, exploring who you are and preparing for your future via your classesnot about doing things you dont truly want to do. Business Management Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Select and review a case study scenario from the University of Phoenix Material: Case Study Scenarios located on the student website. Feel free to embellish the scenario with additional details, as needed. Complete the New Referral or Inquiry Form based on your selected case study scenario. Write a 350- to 700-word paper in Microsoft ® Word in which you discuss the importance of collecting appropriate data for intake and assessment forms.   Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Childcare Essays Effects of Media to Children

Childcare Essays Effects of Media to Children Effects of Media to Children Media has been a significant part of our daily life, a vehicle for communicating to the public as well as a source of entertainment. Magazines, TV programs, radio, billboards, news, internet, cell phones are the forms of mass media which are considered to be part of our everyday routine. Traditionally, parents serve as primary social models for children; whereas other models may include siblings, teachers, relatives and other persons who are significant in children’s lives. Over time, however, parents’ influence as models to their children is on the decline as a direct or indirect result of technological advancement and alterations in household economics. Aside from their busy schedules (which is common in dual-career and single-parent households), families of today seem to gather around rarely because each member has easy access to his or her own television, telephone, computer, music player, etc.. This set-up would imply that children are more inclined to interact les s with their parents and spend more time on their own. Thus, children could turn their attention from their parents to more accessible diversions, such as television watching. Without their parents’ direct guidance or control, such exposure can become excessive and unguarded. It would not be much of a surprise, if what these children watch did influence their thinking and behavior. Studies conducted by Weiten Lloyd reported that children in the U.S. spend 2-4 hours on TV watching alone and this habit appears to increase as they get older (Kirsh). Children and the youth are media’s darling. Media as perceived by children is full of excitement and wonder, because it brings them to a world of reality as well as make believe. A child development expert T. Berry Brazelton, MD., warns parents that, media is really â€Å"the biggest competitor for our children’s heart and mind† (Steyer). Furthermore, James P. Steyer an advocate for media organization for childr en, in his book regards media as â€Å"the other parent† since at present time children spend much of their time with these different forms of media. In view of the fact that our society is media saturated, parents should be aware of the positive and negative effects of media to children. Media’s positive effects are: First, its academic learning opportunities. â€Å"Over the past 30 years, shows such as Sesame Street, Teletubbies, Barney, and Blue’s Clues have provided academic learning to toddlers and pre-aged children. For older children, programs such as Zoom, Cyberchase, and Zoboomafoo are replete with informative, scientific facts. For pre-teens and teenagers, cable channels such as The Animal Planet, The Discovery Channel, and The Learning Channel offer a wide range of educational fare†(Kirsh). Children that are exposed to educational programs are more likely to adopt to what they are watching , to cite an example children(toddlers) from a non-english speaking country that are expose to shows like Barney are able to learn to speak English although with improper grammar. They learn to communicate with the English language and by the time they attend school learning grammar will be easier for them. The same is true with older children, progra ms shown in the National Geographic Channel, The Animal Planet and Discovery Channel and articles written in their published magazine as well as their websites help them to learn and see what a certain animal looks like, see and explore places that are impossible for human to go to and visit places that are overseas. These educational programs help them to visualize places and animals as well as further explain theories that are learned in the classroom. The second positive effect of media is pro-social behavior learning. â€Å"Pro-social behavior refers to any action that benefits another person. Comforting, sharing, and helping are all examples of pro-social actions† (Kirsh). Many develop mentalists, especially those leaning towards the tradition of Social-Cognitive perspective; argue that much of the changes in children’s behavior may be accounted for by their observation of others. Learning through imitation or more commonly known as Observational Learning, occurs when a child observes and eventually imitates a model’s behavior. Programs designed for pro social behavior learning teaches children to practice social behavior such as sharing, helping when they themselves interact socially. They are thought how to properly respond to problems encountered in the outside world like in school or in the community. For example a child who watches how kids share art materials in completing a project in Sesame Street wi ll the same way share his crayons to a classmate when he attend school. To further explain this impression, a study conducted by Mares in 1986 â€Å"suggest that the viewing of pro social television content can increase positive interactions among youth during play and increase altruism† (Kirsh). On the other hand, although pro social programs are intended to teach pro social behavior the age of the viewer should be considered because children of younger age are more adaptable to such teaching than older children. Despite the positive effects presented media has negative effects as well. Children’s familiarity with these media models could lead them to pick up new behaviors that are not modeled by their own parents such as: First, body image and eating disorder problems. According to the Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorder organization (ANRED), more than half of teenage girls are on diets or think they should be (Tomeo). TV programs and magazines that show teenage girls that are thin even though unintentional young girls tend to copy their favorite character. In their target to get thin they put themselves to diet, at times they force themselves not to eat to get thin. â€Å"On average, girls begin dieting at the age of eight, and eighty-one percent of ten-year-olds fear becoming fat. A national eating disorder treatment center in 2006 reported that sixty-three percent of elementary school teachers are concerned about eating disorders in their classroom. From where do these gi rls get such a poor self image† (Tomeo). Unfortunately, mass media most frequently foster negative affective body images among youth (Kirsh). Apparently, models are not limited to real people; super heroes, cartoon or video game characters, even television or movie idols, can also serve as symbolic or media models in this case. The second negative effect of media is the introduction to drug use. Commercials give enthusiasm to young viewers because they are entertaining, but the harm it brings to the young minds of children is often overlooked. The youth being exposed in a world surrounded with media, are therefore exposed to adult aimed advertisements like commercials of cigarettes and liquor. According to a group that studies health issues, in 1999 the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation concluded that the average child between age eight to 18 spends more than 40 hours using television, radio, billboards and the internet wherein advertising occupies much of the time (â€Å"Youth-Oriented Advertising†). Furthermore, it is a fact according to Gerbner that many of this adult oriented advertisements are purposely designed to be attractive to the youth (Kirsh, p. 337). Take smoking for instance; commercials of cigarette infuse curiosity to the youth in the same way that movies and music videos that contain characters that smoke predispose them to do the same. Moreover, ads contribute to problems such as obesity, alcohol abuse and teen smoking (â€Å"Youth-Oriented Advertising†). To sum up, the discussion revealed that aside from parents and significant people who come in contact with the child, symbolic characters can also be potent models. Taking into consideration the presence of factors that have a pervasive influence on the child’s imitative behavior, the television can be a powerful agent of socialization. Despite its negative effects, however, TV viewing can also have constructive effects on children. Under proper supervision and if viewing is done in moderation, families, particularly parents can harness, and even maximize this medium’s potential as a good source of information and helpful avenue for learning.

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay

Factors That Influence Consumers To Consume Honey Marketing Essay There are numerous of explanations when it comes to exploring the factors that influence consumers to consume honey products. The portrayal of honey congregated importance ever since it has been commonly used in both medical and domestic needs and as well as beauty needs. The oldest and most pioneer natural sweetening agent is honey where it has been exists for over centuries. (Aparna Rajalakshmi, 1999). Honey is a foundation of readily accessible sugars, protein, acids, nitrogen, amino acids, minimal amount of minerals and a number of other micro quantities of modules like pigments, aroma, flavour, phenolic compounds, colloids, sugar alcohol and vitamins (Crane et al, 1975). It takes 50000 bees to produce 500 pounds of honey in one year. Overall, most of the honey in the world is produced by the Apis Mellifera which better known as the honey bee and the other one would be the Apis Cerana which is regarded as the eastern honey bee. Average Range Standard Deviation Fructose/Glucose 1.23 0.76 1.86 0.126 Fructose, % 38.38 30.91 44.26 1.77 Glucose, % 30.31 22.89 40.75 3.04 Minerals (Ash), % 0.169 0.020 1.028 0.15 Moisture, % 17.2 13.4 22.9 1.46 Reducing Sugars, % 76.75 61.39 83.72 2.76 Sucrose, % 1.31 0.25 7.57 0.87 pH 3.91 3.42 6.10 Total Acidity, mcq/kg 29.12 8.68 59.49 10.33 True/Protein, mg/100g 168.6 57.7 56.7 70.9 Table .1 Composition of Honey (National Honey Board, 1996) In peoples perspective, the quality of the product will be the key success factor of honey product where industries of honey maker faced challenges for making and maintaining as well as preserving of honey products. Nevertheless, honey plays an essential role of contribution towards the medical field as it is generally healthy and popular. On the other hand, brand reputation of honey is going competitive around the world as countries such as India, Yemen, New Zealand, Australia, Saudi Arabia and etc. come in as big competitors to gain the largest honey manufacturer title. While for the pricing for honey is vary depending on the saturation, the level of harvesting, taste, colour, country origin and many more. Physical appearance also important as it plays an intrinsic and extrinsic role for consumers. Nowadays, honey is consumed all over the world nonetheless. To add on, the Americans in the US are the largest consumers of honey followed up by Chinese in China and the Germans in Germany. Though there has been a moderately steady of consumption of honey for the last five years, however the weather and superiority still maintained as the key factors manipulating the world market. (AAFRD, 2005). There have been studies on the average world consumption of honey which is about 220 grams per inhabitants per year. Thus, the average consumption of honey in developing and developed countries is 133 and 650 grams per inhabitants per year respectively (Napolitano et al, 2006). With the increasing of market size and the increasing consumer demand each year, honey makers have to search for new approaches and to learn to understand the consumer need in order to increase their product satisfaction and customers loyalty. Thus, the increase in consumers satisfaction will affect positively towards product sales. Therefore, this research is a study on how quality of product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing can affect the consumers satisfaction in purchasing honey products. The manufacturing process of honey is simply beyond belief and amusing. The first stage will be the removal of full honeycombs from the hive. For the removal of honeycombs, the bee hive will have to be either immunise with smoke to force the bee to come out or simply sweep the bees off the combs gently and guide them back to hive or a separator board will be positioned to close the honey chamber off from the brood chamber. This is depicted in Diagram 1 and 2. When honey is finally squirted out, the comb is then reinserted carefully. Secondly, the honeycombs will then be unsealed where at least two-thirds capped are placed into a transport box and taken to a location where there is free of bees. Thirdly is the extraction of honey where the honey combs are inserted into an extractor which is a large drum that draws out honey. Then comes the processing and bottling where honey is poured into tanks and heated to 120 °F (48.9 °C) to liquefy the crystals. After that, the condition is l eft for 24 hour. Any bee parts or pollen that rose up are being skimmed off. Last but not least, the honey is then propels into jars or cans for shipment. There are several methods for removing honey combs. The beekeeper can either sweep the bees off the combs and guide them back into the hive or inject a puff of smoke into the hive. When the bees sense the presence of fire, they gorge on honey in an attempt to take as much as they can with them before fleeing. Somewhat tranquilized by engorgement, the bees are less likely to sting when the hive is opened. Alternately, a separator board can be placed between the honey chamber and the brood chamber. When the bees in the honey chamber discover that they have been separated from their queen, they move through a hatch that allows them to enter the brood chamber, but not reenter the honey chamber. Diagram 1 Removal of honeycombs Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b A typical hive used in beekeeping. Diagram 2 The Structure of honey comb Source: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-5/Honey.html#b Table 1: World honey production and consumption in 2005 Countries Production (1000 metric tons) Consumption (1000 metric tons) No. of bee hives No. of bee keepers Ukraine 71.46 52 RussiaRussia 52.13 54 SpainSpain 37.00 40 GermanyGermany  (*2008) 21.23 89 1,000,000 90,000 HungaryHungary 19.71 4 RomaniaRomania 19.20 10 GreeceGreece 16.27 16 FranceFrance 15.45 30 SerbiaSerbia 3 to 5 6.3 430,000 30,000 DenmarkDenmark  (*1996) 2.5 5 *150,000 *4,000 United StatesUnited States of America  (*2006, **2002) 70.306* 158.75* 2,400,000 12,029** (210,000 bee keepers) CanadaCanada 45 (2006); 28 (2007) 29 500,000 13,000 ArgentinaArgentina 93.42 (Average 84) 3 BrazilBrazil 33.75 2 AustraliaAustralia 18.46 16 New ZealandNew Zealand 9.69 8 313,399 2602 ChinaChina 299.33 (average 245) 238 7,200,000 7,200,000 TurkeyTurkey 82.34 (average 70) 66 4,500,000 IranIran 3,500,000 IndiaIndia 52.23 45 9,800,000 South KoreaSouth Korea 23.82 27 VietnamVietnam 13.59 0 TanzaniaTanzania 28.68 28 EgyptEgypt  (*1997) 16* 2,-00,000* 200,000* Central African RepublicCentral African Republic 14.23 14 South AfricaSouth Africa  (*2008) ~2.5* ~1.5* 92,000 1,790 Table 1 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), August 2007. Table 1 shows the world honey production and consumption in the year 2005. The available details in the table are production level (1000 metric per tons), consumption level (1000 metric per tons), number of bee keepers and bee hives. Countries that have been selected in this research are Ukraine, Russia, Spain, Germany (2008), Hungary, Romania, Greece, France, Serbia, Denmark, United States of America, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand, China, Turkey, Iran, India, South Korea, Vietnam, Tanzania, Egypt and Central Africa Republic. Problem Statement/ Research Questions Consumers always confirm that the value or quality of the product is acceptable or equivalent to the amount of money they paid for. It is unquestionable that customer perceived value as the ratio of the perceived benefits (Monroe, 1990). In other words, customers always expect the highest and best quality of the product for what they had paid for. There have been studies of forbidden honey imported in China by the United Kingdom and the European Union and Canada due to the content of the chemical, Chloramphenicol which is a type of slow process destructive antibiotic that can caused toxicity in human health. (Ingram, 2002). This is because large packers and manufacturers have no concern over business ethics and quality management by mixing the specific honey with the American honey in order to decrease their overall cost. Therefore it has become cheap honey that has commonly been used in daily intake. Some consumers have been deceived by cheaper price marketing strategies. Researchers argued that price promotion occasionally does not bring positive effect on purchase intention but negative effects. There has been some figure of consumers that do not check the origin country of the honey from the container which eventually will lead to misinformation. Nevertheless, consumers do not have the initiatives to know more about the legal packaging and nutrition level as they presumed its totally safe to consume. They simply are being deceived by the fake messages. This practice may lead to the development of contraband or fake honey to be delivered globally through black market. Also, most of the commercial honey was thinned by added syrups. There have been evidence to support the idea of product packaging can affect the consumers buying behaviour. All the aspect such as colour, shape, brand belief, designs, brand personality, and brand image plays an important role in affecting consumers buying behaviour in purchasing honey because consumer do not actually think intensely about all brands at all before they walked into the store to buy. More than 70 percent of purchase decisions are achieved through at the point of sale after a detailed market research is conducted (Connolly and Davidson, 1996). Honey products have been developing from health supplements field to economic development field. In the past issue has triggered a lot of numbers of academicians and researchers to conduct a thorough research on this issue. Few research questions they arose are as follow: What is the Malaysians level of understanding of honey products? Does the quality of the products affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Does the medical conditions played an important role in affecting the consumers satisfaction and buying decision? Does the brand reputation affect the consumption of honey products among consumers? Is physical appearance really important in order to affect the consumers to purchase honey products? What are the correlations between consumption of honey products and pricing? Research Objectives In order to answer all the research questions, the following objectives are clearly defined: To determine the level of understanding of honey products among Malaysians. To investigate the relationship between the quality of products and consumption of honey products. To explore the relationship between the medical condition affecting consumption of honey products. To define the relationship between the reputation and consumption of honey products. To explain the relationship between the physical appearances which may affect the consumption of honey products? To clarify the relationship of pricing affecting the consumption of honey products. Significance of study The topic on the factors that affect the consumers to purchase honey products has seldom been discussed in recent research. Upon the completion of this research shall grant more essential information and guidance to the honey maker industries as the honey served well in economics and health fields. Nevertheless, this research is beneficial to those who are interested in learning more about consumers behaviour toward honey products and factors affecting it. Also, the independent variables served as a strong purpose to the honey maker industries as the research might help the industries to change the method and implement the necessary strategy in term of manipulating the strategy related to honey in order to enhance the competitive advantage in modern marketplace. Lastly, this research also studies the behavior and satisfaction of consumers purchasing honey products. Honey industries have made a great impact on employment and economics in the agricultural and health field. People with experiences in honey and bees can easily being employed by honey manufacturer companies, pharmacies, traditional medical store and hospitals because those businesses lack of potential input (Mclane, 2012). Scope of study This research mainly focuses on middle age adults in Malaysia as they are the primary consumers of honey products because their percentage of buying intention is higher compared to young adulthood and elderly. The age of middle adulthood is 30 to 65 (Cattin and Wattink, 1982). The middle age adults are the most suitable candidates for this research because their physical fitness and mental obligation start to decrease as age is catching up to them or maybe they purchased honey products for their family usage. Therefore, they are the one who need honey products and most importantly is that they are the categorized group whom are willing and able to pay for honey products as supplements (Ee, 2012). Operational Definition The independent variables are quality of the product, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance, and pricing while the dependent variable is consumption of honey products. Quality of product The variety of types and characteristics of a specific product to its ability to meet given requirements and in degree of excellence. Medical condition The benefits of health which can be obtained by undertaking the product. Brand reputation The recognition which has increased the clearness and accessibility to information through mission statement, marketing and affiliation. Pricing Customers perceived value. Different pricing methods vary depending on the degree of importance on selection, estimation, evaluation of cost, comparative analysis and market situation. Consumption of honey products The act of consuming the honey and also the ways applying the product. Consumers behavior towards honey products Comportment of an individual or groups acquiring, using, and disposing of products, services, ideas or experiences. Also includes the study of understanding consumer thoughts, actions and feelings. 1.7 Organisational of Research Chapter 1 discuss about the introduction of the honey products and factors influencing the consumers purchasing of honey products. Then, there is the background of the study followed up by the objectives and problem statement which has been clearly defined here. The background of the research mainly covers the managers who are part of catalyst of virtual product development as sample in this research. This chapter also covers the significance of the study, the scope of the study and the operational definition. Chapter 2 is examine the past literature review that are related to this field, factors affecting the consumers to purchase honey products. This chapter is more on extracting the past researches done by researchers on the dependent and independent variables involved. Chapter 3 will describe the research methods that were employed in conducting this research in order to find out the tendencies of the consumption of honey responding to the independent variables. The theoretical framework and hypothesis will be shown in this part .Lastly, the sampling design and data analysis method will be discussed in details in this part. Chapter 4 express all the analysis of the data collected done by using the Statistical Process for Social Science (SPSS) version 17. The frequencies and percentage of the demographic profile is shown in this chapter. Three tests are done in this research to test the hypotheses which are the Reliability Test, Pearson Correlation Test and Multiple Regression Analysis. Chapter 5 shows the discussion of the hypotheses .Each hypotheses is explained in details and the latter part of the research is the implications and recommendations for the research study. Lastly, conclusion is made to sum up the entire research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The literature review is a documentation of the related studies from past researchers, with the objectives to deliver supporting evidence for the research. Furthermore, literature review is designed to provide a clearer preview and logical presentation to the studies. In this particular research, the literature review is divided into three sections which consist of introduction, brief history, dependent variable and independent variable. The introduction will be the explanation of the meaning literature review while the brief history will be the description of past history of honey industry in the world. Nevertheless, the dependent variable will be the consumers behaviour of purchasing honey related products. On the other hand, the independent variables are the quality of products, medical condition, brand reputation, physical appearance and pricing. 2.2.1 Brief history of honey industry (world) Honey has been in the history of mankind since 2100 B.C. where researchers found the evidence on the written wall of the Sumerian and Babylonian civilisation as well as in Egypt and India. Researchers even assumed that honey existed even earlier than the civilisations. Hunig was given as a supplementary English name for honey where it was then been well recognised as sweetener used by many people (Filippone, 2012). Back in those days, honey is nevertheless considered as essential in terms of food, beverages, furniture polishes and glosses as well as medical purpose (Crane, 1975). Honey has also often been used as practices of currency exchange, tributes or offerings (Ransome, 2002). Honey industry in the world has faced a lot of obstacles such as global weather patterns in Argentina and Chile where the extreme temperatures and dry humidity affect the honey drastically and market manipulation of honey price in Europe. As a result, the US crop is estimated at the end of the year to decline to approximately 150,000,000- 160,000,000 pounds which is one of the lowest crops ever recorded the history of honey production (Phipps, 2012). Likewise, the honey production in 2005 had been decline to as much as five percent worldwide (Flottum, 2005). There has been research from Anton (1995) where farm management is practiced so that the organic food management can meet the Federal regulations of safety and quality of food supply including Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and the Nutrition Labelling and Education Act. Still, beekeeping has never failed to be one of the primogenital forms of animal husbandry the world has ever known. (McNulty et al, 2006). As an implication, honey has been serving as an important benchmark and standard for both consumers and suppliers in the honey industry ever since (Baltrusaityte et al, 2007). As nutrition knowledge has been expanded and was put as a priority in science field, many people were pretty well-aware of understanding the assortment and types of foods, their nutritional composition and human dietary in their daily life. Soon from gaining the knowledge, people were somehow able to indicate the relationship between different type and combination of food and the links and good health as well as food intake. (Valentine, 2000). Since then, honey industries have been making a giant leap as essential food supplement for human (Aparna and Rajalakshmi, 1999). Also, there has been a research defining the price of organic honey being relatively high in the market demand (Phipps, 2012). 2.2.2 Consumer behaviour towards honey products Consumer behaviour is undoubtedly defined as the behaviour that consumers project in searching for, using, purchasing, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they assume will satisfy their needs (Pelau, 2011). The term is defined in order to have a better understanding and information on the relationship between consumer behaviour and the marketing concept as well as market segmentation, targeting and positioning (Hawkins pg 11, 2010). Customer satisfaction is considered as the top notch of the whole idea of consumer behaviour as its defined as customers feelings towards a certain value of the product or service that was received as a result of using a specific organizations proposing in precise use situations which is essential (Woodruff, 1993). Own Total Product Consumer Decision Superior Value Process Expected Competitors Total Sales Product Perceived Value Delivered Customers Satisfaction Figure 2.1 Creating Satisfied Customers Source: Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy 11th Edition 2010 pg 24 Figure 2.1 shows on how to create satisfied customers especially for industries that grow from its emerging status into large scale. There has been a research showing that most of the consumers usually comprehend themselves bearing with risks instead of benefits (Reid, 2000 a,b). This occurrence is based on habitualized behaviour and decision making as most of the consumers always purchase it repeatedly until they are familiarized and put their trust in it which is better known as superior value expected. From the occurrence of sale, customers perceived value were delivered and satisfaction is obtained (Pelau, 2011). According to Phipps (2008), industries that sell natural products tend to generate a connection bond and send confident messages to consumers so that there will be an increase of consumption level, new products are developed, consumers perception value boosted and the increased entrance of higher quality products into the market. Occasionally, there are consumers which want to obtain high quality of food products with unique and exclusive characteristics (Madas et al, 2011).Not overlooking that consumers always put their interest and their money into foods that are free of contaminants, pesticides, chemicals and other health risks so that they are somehow able to feel assured in their rational mind (Mintel Organic Foods, 2006, p.1). Some of the consumers react to the purchase decision making are sometimes based on past experience (Robert Douglas, 2001). However, most of the consumers always purchase the product or service based on emotional aspect rather than rational aspect and its important to capture their buying decision by projecting superior value of the product or service which can be done through mass media and advertising. Consumers are usually influenced not only by economy but psychology as well (Leon et al, 2011). Nonetheless, human behaviour can be best explained by the Theory Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the theory are widely used in managerial decision making in order to link between attitudes and behaviour of a customer (Sommer, 2011). It is the way of understanding on how an individual would react and behave in a specific manner which is influenced by attitudes, norms and perceived behavioural control (Smith et al, 2007). The Theory Planned Behaviour is a detailed development of reason-based actions which explained; people do what they like and intend to do whereas people do not do what they dislike and not intend to do (Fishbein, 1975). The fundamental elements of the Theory Planned Behaviour are behavioural beliefs and attitude toward behaviour, normative and subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and lastly the behavioural intention (Ajzen et al, 1986 Chan et al, 1993). Behavioural beliefs are the understanding of consequences or particular behaviour while attitude toward behav iour is defined as progressive or adverse valuation of self-performance of the particular behaviour (Ajzen, 1991). Normative norm is an individuals perception based on peer or family influence while subjective norm is an individuals acuity based on societal normative pressure (Kuhl, 1985). Then again, perceived behavioural control refers to peoples perception of their ability to execute an assigned behaviour. Lastly, the behavioural intention is the autonomous probability that he or she will participate in a given behaviour (Committee on Communication for Behaviour Change in 21st Century, 2002). Mutually, the Theory Planned Behaviour has a higher rate of success in forecasting the intentions rather than the behaviour aspect (Armitage et al, 2001 Sheeran, 2002 Sutton, 1998). Understanding consumers behaviour and purchasing patterns especially on product line are extremely crucial in order to create inevitable customers satisfaction level (Leon et al, 2011). Without potential consumers to purchase honey products, there will be decline opportunity for honey makers to survive in the natural food industry (Anton 1995). 2.2.3 Quality of Product The meaning of quality refers to any situations and perception where consumers decisive roles and patterns are manipulated (Oliver 1997). Due to its differences, there are many meanings. Quality of product is well-defined as superiority or excellence of performance and apparent quality of a certain product which judged and assessed based on consumers perception and opinion (Aaker1991). A typical characteristic of an object to its degree of superiority is known as quality (Conklin Thompson, 1993). There are people who favour quality as the originator or determinant of satisfaction because the customers are the one that define and perceive quality (Cronin Taylor, 1992; Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). Product quality can be examined under two different categories which are objectives quality and perceived quality (Brunso et al, 2005). Measuring the quality is fixed by intrinsic and extrinsic value. The intrinsic value denotes to something that are interrelated to the physical form of the product such as colour, appearance and volume whereas extrinsic value is related to non-physical form of the product such as branding and product information (Zeithaml 1988 and Steemkamp 1997). There has been a research done by Anderson and Sullivan in 1993 stating that consumers may have different preferences or obligations with respect to which characteristics of a product quality need to be improvised simultaneously, and, to what extent just to get more satisfactory result. This is because attitude of the consumers are credentials for satisfaction which links the relationships between quality perceptions and the product itself (Maria, 2003). Attitude of the consumers can either be constructive or inauspicious depending on the quality of product they received (Fishbein Ajden 1975). Therefore, product owners need to find out the missing links and think out of the box to give solutions and improvisations on the products if its been found under dissatisfactory level in order to maintain customers loyalty (Pearson, 2006). Product from industrialized countries such as China, United States of America and the European Union are supposed to have higher quality compared to those from less developed countries such as Vietnam and Iran (Cordell, 1992). For honey maker industries, the quality of honey is primarily branded by its sensorial, chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics. Each and every honey products that been manufactured have to be under license, approved by International Honey Commissions and meets the requirements by governments food safety authority (IMAQE) in order to gain customers trust and loyalty (Mariana et al, 2011). For Products Performance Serviceability    Reliable Reasonable Price    Ease of Use   Maintainability Durability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simplicity Aesthetics Available   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Safe   Ã‚     Ease of Disposal Figure 2.2- The content of quality for products Source: http://www.bexcellence.org/What-Is-Quality.html For a product to achieve its maximum potential quality in order to satisfy consumers requires to achieve most of the attributes such as outstanding performance to execute, reasonable price to purchase, durable, easily available everywhere, easily to be service, user friendly, simple as possible, safe, reliable, easily to maintain, aesthetics and easily to dispose (Based on Figure 2.2). The tool for measuring quality which has been suggested by Petrick (2002) is divided into four sub groups which are quality outstanding, reliability, trustworthiness and consistency. On the other hand, consultation advice from industry experts and product samplings are often the key to maintain a high level quality of the product (Elder 2005; Ross 2005). Nonetheless when the quality of the product is good or reliable, consumers dont mind and willing to pay more extra for these attributes (Figure 2.2) as they are well aware that the virtue of quality surpassed quantity (Cronin Taylor, 1992 and Sullivan, 1993; Spreng and Mackoy 1996). However, consumers tend to understand the quality information provided on the label as well as based on their observations in order to purchase a certain product. A good quality product can constructs customer pleasure and delight while an inferior quality product will lead to customers dissatisfaction and irritation (Kotler Armstrong 2010). 2.2.4 Medical Condition Medical condition can be classified as condition which the occurrence of medical problem that needs to be treated or managed (George, 2012). Diseases from major to minor state or even the sign of disease which occurred on an individual is also considered as medical condition (Rod, 2009). People nowadays have always been concerning about health preservation and improvement especially for themselves and their family (Schifferstein and Oude, Ophuis, 1998; Tregear et al, 1994) .Consciousness on the nutrition, health, and quality of food they eat has bec

Exploring the Transformation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca in The Narra

In "The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca", Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca’s fight for survival, while being deprived of the basic necessities of life, proves there is a change in him from the beginning of the narrative to the end. This transformation, though, affected multiple aspects of de Vaca, including his motives, character, and perspective of civilization. Cabeza de Vaca’s experience is crucial to the history of America, as well as Spain, because it was one of the first accounts that revealed a certain equilibrium between the mighty and superior Spaniard and the Indian, once the Spaniard was stripped of his noble stature. The idea of nakedness is consistent throughout the narrative and conveys the tribulations he experienced and a sort of balance between him and the Indians. The original intentions of conquering and populating the area between Florida and a northern part of Mexico quickly shifted Cabeza de Vaca’s focus to the need to survive. His encounter with diff erent Indian tribes and ability to get along with them (no matter what the means), and then prosper as a medicine man, shows that through his beliefs in Christian faith, and in himself, he turned the failure into an unexpected success. The nature of the Narvaez expedition was intended to be like that of any other Spanish exploration to the New World. Panfilo de Narvaez, who was selected as governor of Florida and who financed the expedition, was also appointed the commander in chief by emperor Charles V. Cabeza de Vaca was appointed royal treasurer of the voyage for his brightness and noble character. The Spaniards were to conquer the land of Florida in the name of the Charles V and the nation of Spain. They expected to take on and overcome any natives who got in their way and to reap all of the wealth and materials of worth that they came across. When the ships arrived at the western coastline of Florida, they were greeted with a storm. This was just a sign of things to come for the fleet. The storm forced the ships to land at a different bay than what they planned on. From this point the governor wanted to move inland and explore the terrain. Meanwhile he also wanted the ships to sail along the coast until they r eached the correct bay. This commenced the downfall of the conquest. Cabeza de Vaca, as well as the commissary and other elites on the expedition, tried to persuade the governor that ... ...survival. Cabeza de Vaca cannot thank God enough for carrying him through the terrible times that he and the few remaining Spaniards went through as captives of the Indians. He feels a sort of accomplishment for making it through and comes out with a better appreciation for life. After experiencing what it was like to have been an Indian and a slave, and after being on the verge of death several times, the fact that Cabeza de Vaca was able to keep his composure and take each day at a time is astonishing. Of course, like a worthy Christian, Cabeza de Vaca gives God all of the credit in the world for his survival and success. However, it is Cabeza de Vaca’s faith in himself and determination that allow him to survive and go through the changes that he makes. It is almost a riches to rags, and back to riches story. However, the riches at the outcome of the expedition are far different from the riches going in. These new riches are not measured in gold or land, but in the appr eciation for human life and the struggle for survival which made a better man out of him. Work Cited Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca. "The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca" University of Nebraska Press, 2003.

Ethnicity and Female Equality: A personal Opinion Essay -- Sociology G

Abstract The subject of my essay will be a compilation of facts and opinions on the role of ethnicity and gender on female status in the United States. Equality for females and males is influenced by ones ethnicity, by the media, by stereotypes, and by the myth of equal rights. The research methods that will be used for this essay will be only the personal opinions of the author of this essay. One believes that the findings of this essay will show that ethnicity and media generated stereotypes influence gender roles and that inequality for females is a fact of life. Ethnicity and Female Equality: A Personal Opinion The role of ethnicity plays an important part in our society's view and the status level that is afforded to females. The overall level of female status in America is not as high as males, but this status is even further lowered when a female comes from an ethnic minority. These minority females face a double-edged sword in a society that puts an emphasis on maleness and whiteness. Society is an evolving object and the role of females and minorities has improved steadily throughout our history, but improvement is still needed to make one and all more equal. The role of socialization is in a sense began even before a child is born. Parents anticipate the sexual gender of their child and prepare accordingly. Nurseries are painted blue of pink and either denim or lace is bought. Thus, one sees that even before birth children are stereotyped into gender roles. Parents also, often only want a child to be male and are extremely disappointed if their child is born female. This failure to meet a parents overall urge for a son can have terrible psychological and sociological aspects on a child. The author of ... ...males and males are not equal in this society and probably never will be. There is little that any single individual can do to change this. To be comfortable with one's gender and to live the most gratifying life that is possible females must accept who they are and realize that to a large extent that this is a "male-dominated world" that exists. By accepting this truth females can attain personal growth and power by being what they want and by being able to fulfill the society expected roles that are stereotyped to them. This by no means is a belief that adheres to the popular thought of feminization and equal rights, but it is one that the author of this paper believes has been beneficial to her. It is by accepting one's femininity and role that one can achieve harmony not only with one's self but with the society at large and with the expectations of our ethnicity.

Characteristics of each of the 5 kingdoms and their meanings Essay

Every living creature on Earth belongs to a kingdom. Scientists debate how many kingdoms there are, but most agree there are five. Here is how the five kingdoms are organized. Monera Monera are single-celled organisms that don’t have a nucleus. Bacteria make up the entire kingdom. There are more forms of bacteria than any other organism on Earth. Some bacteria are beneficial to us, such as the ones found in yogurt. Others can cause us to get sick. Protists Protists are mostly single-celled organisms that have a nucleus. They usually live in water. Some protists move around, while others stay in one place. Examples of protists include some algae, paramecium, and amoeba. Fungi Fungi are usually motionless organisms that absorb nutrients for survival. They include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. Plants Plants contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis, a process in which plants convert energy from sunlight into food. Their cell walls are made sturdy by a material called cellulose, and they are fixed in one place. Plants are divided into two groups: flower- and fruit-producing plants and those that don’t produce flowers or fruits. They include garden flowers, agricultural crops, grasses, shrubs, ferns, mosses, and conifers. Animals Animals are the most complex organisms on Earth. Animals are multi-celled organisms, eat food for survival, and have nervous systems. They are divided into vertebrates and invertebrates and include mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds and fish. Actually, there are now six kingdoms. The five kingdom was during the 1969 and it included all the bacterias within one group. The five kingdom system is as follows: 1. Monera: Bacteria. They are prokaryotic and unicellular. They are mobile. 2. protista: Protists. They are eukaryotic. Either autotrophic, heterotrophic, or even mixotrophic. They live live as unicellular, multicellular, or even as a colony. Some are mobile while some are sessile. 3. animalia: Animals. Eukaryotic and are heterotrophic. They are all multicellular and are mobile. 4. plantae: Plants. Eukaryotic and mostly autotrophic (some parasitic plants are heterotrophic). They are multicellular and sessile. 5. fungi: Mushrooms, fungus, etc. Eukaryotic and heterotrophic. They are multicellular and sessile

Academic Honesty-It Was Peer Reviewed and Published

The Issue In this was that most students thought It would be easier to heat In their online courses however very few followed through with cheating. It's also a theory that an honor code may reduce dishonesty. The second article I found while searching was Academic Integrity and Distance Learning by Mark Lankier. It was peer reviewed and published in the Journal of Criminal Justice Education in October of 2006. In this article academic dishonesty in on campus classes versus online classes was discussed.It believes that there hasn't been enough attention on the amount of academic dishonesty taking place in online courses. Here are some things that I feel are issues for academic honesty: -Lack of knowledge in what Is considered honest and dishonest. -Lack of concentration on academic honesty, the majority of the attention Is placed on academic dishonesty. -Lack of punishment for academic dishonesty therefore making It easier and more tempting to be dishonest. -Over assumption that It's easier to be dishonest through online classes without any consequences.Some things that I think should be done is honor code placement such as was issued in the first article I found. I think that if there was a concrete definition of what is considered cheating and what isn't because some people can cheat without knowing so because of their lack of knowledge. I think that academic honesty deserves more attention simply to acknowledge students who are working hard and being compliant and honest about their work. They are taking the time to make sure their work is original and that they are not taking any credit for someone else's hard ark.I think this deserves to be acknowledged Instead of overshadowed by people who are dishonest. I believe there should be punishment when it comes to severe cases of dishonesty. When It Is clear that the work has been popularized and taken as If It were their own, there should be no chances given. Academic dishonesty has continual to De a problem An a students need to Know Tanat It wall not De tolerated I think that the punishment for on campus students should be the same for online students.The place in which the dishonesty is taking place does not matter, dishonesty is dishonesty and all cases should be treated the same. In order for me to avoid any issues with dishonesty I will never cut and paste. If something is an exact quote I will make sure that it is cited and listed in a bibliography to ensure that it's known it was not something derived by me. I will summarize and make sure I use my own words to explain my point. I will also use the plagiarism checker provided by the university to double check.

How does Shakespeare present Ophelia Essay

In â€Å"Hamlet† Shakespeare presents Ophelia as a helpless girl, who is continually manipulated by the men around her for their own gain. In many of his other plays the women are presented as strong and admirable people who play major roles in the live of the protagonist, such as Lady Macbeth in â€Å"Macbeth. † In Hamlet, however, Ophelia becomes a very different role-she is conveyed as a lesser to the men around her. She is continually manipulated by her father, Polonius, her brother, Larertes and Hamlet, the supposed love of her life. Her sweet and innocent nature results in her becoming dependent on the man in her life to tell her how to behave. Hamlet shows a very different style in Shakespeare writing, no longer is the women controversially given respect by the male character, but is instead shown in a more traditional mere pawn for their fathers, brothers and lovers. Ophelia’s relationship with her father is less then the traditional intimate one expected. Instead it shows a controlling man, obsessed with what others think, and a daughter respectful of her fathers wises. Polonius becomes convinced that Ophelia’s relationship with Hamlet will result in the diminish of his families honour, and to him, the respect others have for his families reputation is very important. He thus begins to pressurise Ophelia into breaking off any understanding between herself and Hamlet. Shakespeare uses these characters and their interaction to present a more traditional view of how a woman should act toward the men in their lives during this time period. I personally do not see her as a week character, but instead see her as a women with no other choice than to respect and obey the man who has looked after her all her life. Their relationship is a cold one, with little compassion between the two, but apparent respect on Ophelia’s behalf. Her brother too becomes set against her love for Hamlet, believing that she will ruin herself for Hamlet, yet he will never actually marry her, due to her lower social standing. During the actual play, Larertes is the only man who conveys to her that he actually cares for her, but we can see clearly that he believes her continuous open regard for Hamlet will reduce their family’s nobility. He too adds to the pressure put on her to distance herself from Hamlet. Hamlets strategic plans towards Ophelia are probably the most conniving and vicious. He not only manipulates her constant love for him, but also toys with her emotions throughout, making her play exactly how he wants. He uses the courts knowledge of his relationship with Ophelia to get deeper involved in his plot to avenge his father and kill the king. He evolves Polonius’ theory that Hamlet is mad with love for Ophelia. When she returns Hamlets love letters and other tokens of his affections in act III scene I, Hamlet seizes this moment to cement the beginning of her descend into madness in both Ophelia’s eyes and in Polonius’ and Claudius’ as Hamlet is aware they are watching this encounter between the two ex-lovers. He appears troubled and hysterical as he denies giving her anything and laments the dishonesty of beauty. Confusingly, he claims to both have loved, and never loved her. As he leaves she mourns the â€Å"noble mind† that has now lapsed into apparent madness. Hamlet believes that by hearing this fight between Ophelia and himself, Polonius and Claudius will think he is now crazy and thus not fear him, making Claudius more vulnerable. Hamlet, Polonius and Larertes all put pressure on her to do what they want, they all use her to gain themselves and they all have little regard for her genuine love for Hamlet. Her heart begins to dictate over her head and as a result of being caught in the crossfire of all the men in her life; Ophelia goes crazy, unable to cope with the stress and contradiction. Finally, she kills herself finding no place in the situation for her own feelings. Hamlet is the least idealistic of Shakespeare’s plays, with women being presented in a more realistic view, rather than an idealistic outlook on society where women have more control over their lives and aren’t controlled by the men around them. Ophelia is presented in a more traditional feminine way, relying on men around her. This fits into Hamlet, and makes the play appear more legitimate, due to the emotion involved in the twisted love story. Still, I do not believe she is weak, but instead love struck and susceptible to manipulation by the men closely involved in her life. Many critics have argued that she is a dismal character, which no one can admire, but I see her as instead, a woman who is young, weak and naive to the world around her.

Cultures in Conflict Essay

The pleadings of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians on a fiduciary claim on January 12th 1987, which is known as â€Å"Aspassin versus the Queen†, basically evolved from Robin Riddington’s (1988) case presentation. In this regard, the article, Cultures in Conflict: the Problem of Discourse, laid down the question as to whether the court should resolve the case or just reproduce it. Basically, this paper will examine and analyze the underlying circumstances in the presented case. Review of Literature The Aspassin v. The Queen lawsuit was a legal claim from the Government of Canada by two Indian Chiefs, Joseph Aspassin and Gerry Attachie, who served as representatives of Blueberry River and Doig River bands of the Duncc-za and Cree Indian tribes. The claim historically referred to the Indian Act, Treaty No. 8 of 1899 (Riddington, 1988). The claimant’s counsel pleaded the Court to merit the fiduciary obligation emanating from the September 22nd 1945 meeting proceedings of authenticated documents from British Columbia to corroborate the evidence that suggested that the Department of Indian Affairs deviated from the proper transferring of title to the legal claimants and instead was awarded by the Veterans Land Administration to the soldier’s settlement program. Based on the decision of Justice Dixon of the Supreme Court of Canada, it was concurred that a breach of fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown has resulted in the failure the granting of the estate to its legal claimants and real heirs. The claim was incorporated with the legal claimant’s and heirs’ uncompromised land use of the estate wherein the Indians’ primitive economic sourcing are fishing, hunting, and trapping only. In effect, a surrendering requirement for the land use must be enjoined and be recognized by the Court. However, on November 4th 1987, the claim became futile by the Court’s dismissal for the reasons that the Indians were grossly handicapped to be able develop the estate for a progressive and sustainable economic base. Testimonial Findings The September 1945 occupancy of the IR-72, Indians’ land, which called as a place where happiness dwells, was purposely for exploration of mineral resources, wherein the band of Indians area were promised by the government to be compensated with a initially payment of $10 each. The governments has then continuously engaged in oil and gas mining and expanded areas of exploration all throughout Fort St. John by encouraging Indian families to sell their landholdings. Moreover, the trial has extensively addressed the pleadings on the problem of discourse as it may affect to the Court’s interpretation of the issue. In addition, the cross-examination of the witnesses, involving elders of the Duncc-za and Cree Indians, have supported and merited the articulation of their counsel. In effect, the Supreme Court has derived its decision together with its recognition on the breach of fiduciary obligation by the Federal Crown, as likewise addressed to the Canadian Government being the liable government entity in the transition of estate’s the transfer to the questioned beneficiaries. Merits of Articulation The merits of articulation of the claimant’s counsels, Leslie Pinder and Arthur Pape, was supplemented in the case proceeding and substantiated the Supreme Court decision, which was acknowledged as a matter of legal inquiry and argument on the fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, so that the Canadian Government would recognize the â€Å"surrender requirement† in the Indian Act in order to prevent further mediation and meddling with the claimant. In other words, the Federal Crown has duly surrendered the claim without compromise of conveyance and meddling over the claimant’s disposition for the use of the estate that has been re-claimed. Further implied on the merits of articulation by the claimant’s counsels was their presumption that a problem of discourse was â€Å"central† to the case. It implied that the discourse, as a matter of understanding, traverses with different recognition, interpretation and way of thinking from cultural perspectives. In this connection, the Supreme Court has interpreted and understood the merits of articulation on the land use with inadequate consideration to the cultural life of the Indians. In other words, the Supreme Court’s decisions was solely meant for the Indians to able live their economic lives in what they called â€Å"the place where happiness dwells†, as referred to the estate being an economic base for fishing, hunting, and trapping. Adverse Claim The Supreme Court decision in dismissing the claim favors the government’s occupancy to landholdings of ancestral domain. It may be noted that the estate, upon deviation of land transfer to the soldiers land program by the Veterans Land Administration, has had oil reserve dated back from 1950’s to 1960’s. In which case, the merits of articulation on surrendering the land without prejudice to claimants has an adverse claim on Supreme Courts decision in dismissing the case that was causal to the reason of Indian’s inability to develop the being claimed estate. Obviously, meriting the â€Å"surrendering requirement† could isolate the chances of pre-disposal to government’s exploration of land resources. Furthermore, a conflict of interest may result from the adverse claim of the Supreme Court. The litany of the claimant’s counsels, Pinder and Pape, on the issue of â€Å"discourse† has long been acknowledged by the Supreme Court as a matter of pleading and interpellation of various witnesses and has exposed the conflict of cultures from the social lives of Indians as they were found to be unable defend themselves in legal disputes being illiterates. In short, this exposition may have further given the Court a leeway to recognize the problem of discourse and therefore discovered the incapability of Indians. The adverse claim of the Court may be interpreted in both legal and moral perceptions in social perspective. On the first ground, acknowledging the plea of breach in fiduciary obligation of the Federal Crown, which was a disadvantage of the Canadian Government, has basically merited the claim. On the succeeding legal argument, the plea may have been in accordance to the jurisprudential aspects of claim on the issue of discourse, but upon recognition, it has resulted in the adverse claim. It may be perceived that the Court studied well the merits of articulation—from the day the trial ended on March 27th 1987 until the Court rendered decision on November 4th 1987— which is about 8 months. To give contrast to the adverse claim, as previously presumed above, the moral obligation of the Court may have contested the issue of discourse for the reason that the Indians may be imposed with challenges on their capability to promulgate stewardship of the land, in which the witnesses have found the ability to recall or remember events then may determine how far the ability to acquire skills of making the land more productive is possible. With this pretext, the merits of articulation may have gone far from treatise on issue of discourse. Conclusion The case of ancestral domain reclamation is a continuing issue in most countries where governments insatiably and constantly expand economic occupancy, political jurisdiction, exploration of land resources and nationalizing the overall geopolitical system. These ancestral domains are descendants of communities that have outlived the inhabitants of present societies. The tribal communities and indigenous culture pose the problem of discourse specifically brought about by conflicts of cultural heritage. Throughout the overall discussion on this paper, the problem of discourse is presented in a complex environment of representation as it evolved in a court proceeding. The testimony of characters, as depictive of their roles, has long argued the issue of discourse, and yet the bottom line was the long struggle of the native Indians to have their place of happiness in a land taken away from them in 1945. Being native and indigenous people who have been drenched by the Whiteman’s conquest, the native Indians likewise seek their cultural identity in a land they only borrowed from their children. Because it is the children that will continuously dwell in their place of happiness. What the trial resolve is the merit of articulation on the issue of discourse. It was conclusive that the adverse claim of the Supreme Court has been founded upon the exposition of the articulation, with so much evidence that the Indians were incapable of tilling and giving welfare for their land. The stewardship of the land may oppose the preservation of ecology—in which the Indians’ source of living depended on fishing, hunting and trapping. Thus, it may be perceived from the Court’s decision was its moral authority that may however lie beneath the advantage of the Whiteman. Upon resolving the issue of discourse, the merit of articulation was judged by the historical struggle of the Indians in pursuit of the place where their happiness dwells. References Riddington, R. (1988). Cultures in Conflict: The Problem of Discourse. Page 273-289, International Summer Institute for Structural and Semiotic Studies (ISISSS), University of British Columbia.