Decisions about turns Essay

Overlapping talk is Ð ° difficult dilemma for interpreters. Whether the talk is simply of Ð ° back-channel nature or will become an attempt to take Ð ° turn does not deny its potential meaningfulness in conversational activity. As overlapping talk begins, any prediction as to its eventual length is Ð ° fifty-fifty probability. In interpreted conversation, the only participant who can begin to comprehend the import of overlapping talk is the interpreter (who may also be the first to realize that overlapping talk is occurring). Acting on these communicative â€Å"problems,† and acting on them quickly, is what interpreter’s do. On what basis do interpreters make decisions about strategies such as stopping speakers, ignoring talk, and offering turns? Predicting how conversational activity will proceed is difficult, particularly when the participants are relatively unknown to the interpreter. The Interpreter in this study explained that most of the time he judges the purpose of Ð ° new utterance by simultaneously considering what has been said, who has said it, and what the topic is or by waiting until the first parts of an utterance are produced to see if he can predict its import or direction. During this meeting the Interpreter consistently stopped the Student and never stopped the Professor, the Interpreter did not interpret the Student’s contributions to the conversation four times. Many interpreters who are concerned, and rightly so, about the rights and equal treatment of minority speakers, might argue that the Interpreter did not act appropriately or was acting in Ð ° way that oppressed the Student. However, conversations with the Professor and Student suggest that issues of equality and rights were not among their priorities. The Student chose this Interpreter because of his fluency in ASL and his attitude. As І discussed previously, the Student had come to the Professor for advice and assistance and was glad that the Interpreter had stopped him. He wanted to hear (see) what the Professor had to say. The Professor was concerned about evaluating the narrative, discussing the idea from class, and getting copies of the narrative to other students. Under the constraint of time and the knowledge that other students were waiting to see her, she did not want Ð ° prolonged meeting. During the playback interview, І asked the Interpreter about his decisions when overlapping talk occurs. First, he mentioned that if the two primary speakers begin at the same time, he interprets what he hears, literally He said, â€Å"І think І am more inclined to go with the voice than І am with signs, І have to be honest. So if they both start at once, І will start signing [interpret what І hear in English] The Deaf person stops and І continue. † When asked if there could be any other reason other than hearing English, he replied, â€Å"Is it Ð ° matter of equality? This is her office, her territory. So he [the Student] is the outsider coming in so І think that takes Ð ° lot of rein, too† The Interpreter â€Å"knows† many things. He knows that this is the Professor’s territory; he knows that her conversational style includes persistence on topics; he knows that teachers have more status, if not authority, than students; and he knows that the Student has come to get information from the Professor. As the Interpreter assimilates and acts on these different bits of knowledge, it appears that many of the Interpreter’s decisions were acceptable and also appropriate and successful. Decisions that allow the Professor to talk actually favor the Student; it benefits him for the Interpreter to stop him so that the Professor can say what she wants. Undoubtedly, all these factors and more play Ð ° role in interpreter decisions about turns with overlapping talk. To what degree roles, prestige, status, authority, language prestige, culture, and other factors contribute to an interpreter’s decisions remains Ð ° subject for future study.

Conflicts Are Important Worksheet Essay

1. Pseudo conflicts: A pseudo conflict is where two people are arguing on the same thing only because of their own misunderstandings and misperceptions of what the other person is saying they are arguing on the same side without realizing. In truth they are arguing for the same side they just can’t realize it because of their own misconceptions. A pseudo conflict can be easily resolved by people just understanding one another better. 2. Fact conflicts: Fact conflicts are caused by being misinformed, not having enough information to make good decisions and determining what data is relevant. Conflict can also arise when there is disagreement on information collection and communication. 3. Ego conflicts: An ego conflict is where one person goes around picking on and teasing everyone else. They think that they are better than them in every way shape or form, these conflicts can easily be avoided by not thinking your better than everyone else. Everyone is equal whether they like it or not. No one is better than anyone else. It just happens that some people think they are better than other people and so ego conflicts arise. 4. Value conflicts: Value conflicts arise from two different people or groups with different views on something, Such as world views. Or a common one is two groups with different views on good and bad. One group may be stricter than the other on what’s good and what’s bad, it will then clash with the other group who is less strict. 5. Need conflicts: A need conflict arises when someone starts acting so that they can get one need and it is contradictory to how they need to act to get another need and it presents a major conflict. This conflict can be resolved by getting both needs one at a time but humans by nature want all needs at once and this makes a conflict. Part 2: The Five Conflict Management Styles Describe each of the five conflict management styles and explain the strengths and weaknesses of each. Use paragraph form. 1. Avoiders: The avoider style of managing is not actually thought as a management style at all by many but it reality it is. It arises when someone runs from a conflict or ignores it. Someone may use the avoider style out of outright fear or sometimes many other concerns that can come from an unresolved conflict. With the avoider style it doesn’t solve anything and very often makes things worse the people do not understand why the avoider refuses to face the conflict at hand and the avoider cannot understand the problem or the other side’s views. 2. Accommodators: The Accommodator is much the same as the avoiders only slightly different in the way that he just agrees to everything, avoids solving the actual problem to placate the other side. If forced to face the problem an accommodator will back off and just follow in the footsteps dictated by the other side, they will be in total denial of any personal needs in favor of meeting the other sides personal desires. The unfortunate downfall of this solution is that problems continue or grow worse or new problems may arise from it. Imagine a mother who gives her daughter whatever she wants whenever she wants simply to keep conflicts from arising. Yes it stops her daughter from whining and complaining. 3. Forcers: The very opposite of an accommodator would be a forcers also known as the competitor. With the forcer they drive to win the argument/battle at all costs even if it means ending a relationship. The competition style can be healthy when it is focused solely on the issue at hand and not on the people around the issue. Such as when someone starts in on each other it can be friendly banter until someone’s mother is brought into it. Fights between two people often happen during the forcers style but never is it healthy. 4. Compromisers: With the compromiser style it is used to try and meet some of the demands of both sides. Unfortunately with this style everyone wins a little but also they lose a little. Like with two teenagers fighting over the remote to a TV the mother comes in and takes away the remote all together. It resolves the situation but no one is happy with it. It leaves the solution gone but no one happy. People who use compromise are actually making a lazy halfhearted attempt at collaboration. 5. Collaborators: With the collaborating style it gets all parties in the conflict together to come up with a peaceful solution that leaves each party happy. In this type everyone is heard, everyone is happy, and above all relationships are preserved, whether they are relationships between a man and a woman or a relationship between friends or business people. The collaborative style takes a while to plan and execute. While the problem may become worse as time goes on it always leaves everyone happy. Part 3: Collaborative Communication List two methods of collaborative communication and describe how using them can help you avoid conflicts. Two methods of collaboration communication are Boards and Huddles. With Boards it’s good to have something for the all to see besides hand out’s when you have the group all together. That is where white boards or chalk boards come in major handy. That way you can right now main ideas and topics for all to see. This will help stop conflicts because everyone is seeing the same thing so they can’t say that their not or say that some are getting more details then they are. The second method is called huddles. Huddles means when you get your group together to brainstorm or think about something make it small little focused groups. Having it in small focused groups will cut down on misunderstandings and confusion which will then help you prosper and fewer arguments may break out.

Cellular Reproduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular Reproduction - Essay Example They divide constantly and with rapid pace without exhibiting any contact inhibition. As the data suggests, cancer cells outnumber normal cells at the later stages of cell division, indicating that cancer cells divide at the swift rate and complete their cell division faster than the normal cells. Normal cells follow the regulated time interval for cell division or reproduction with balanced signaling pathways while cancer cells do not reveal any kind of signal transduction. Moreover, cancer cells are capable of angiogenesis enabling capillary formation from a nearby blood vessel so as to feed the growing tumor cells. Normal cells cease their cell division after a certain time while the cancer cells proliferate in any order violating the rules of cell division. Although normal cells taken from different tissues as in the present case display different morphology but the cancer cells taken from different tissues do not flaunt their distinct tissue morphology as there is a loss of spec ialized function. The elevated rate of cellular division ceases them to execute their specialized function (Ginger) 2. Which type of cancer shows the most aggressive growth? Explain.

Organizational Change Interview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organizational Change Interview Paper - Essay Example Schuh (2000) has mentioned the needs of differentiation strategy for successful marketing. In his opinion, â€Å"using a common product, price, distribution and promotion program on a worldwide basis--does not seem adequate considering the differences in market conditions† (Schuh, 2000). In order to realize the extent of changes happening in the organizational world, I decided to interview a top official in Coca Cola Company. One of my friends is currently working in Coca Cola Company’s marketing department and he helped me in meeting, Jack Nicholas, one of the sales managers of Coca Cola Company. This paper is written based on my interview with Coke’s sales manager, jack Nicholas. My first question was about the mission, vision, and values of the Coca Cola Company at present and in past. Jack told me that the vision and mission of Coke has changed a lot over the past five years period. Earlier, Coke had a standardized vision and mission statement for the entire world. However, Coke realized that keeping same vision and mission for the entire world is meaningless since the requirements of different regions or countries are different. Focus on needs of our consumers, customers and franchise partners, Get out into the market and listen, observe and learn, Possess a world view, Focus on execution in the marketplace every day, Be insatiably curious etc are some of the values strictly kept in the market by Coke (Vision, Mission and Values, 2011) Jack explained the above point more in detail. He told me that most of the global countries and regions are different, politically, economically, culturally and socially. In other words, the requirements and the purchasing abilities of the people are different everywhere and it is illogical to keep same mission and vision for the extremely diverse population in the world. It was difficult for Coke to operate in communist countries earlier because of the strong opposition Coke faced in those countries bec ause of its origin in America. For example, China was reluctant in allowing American companies to enter its soil earlier. However, at present China is accepting foreign direct investments with both hands. The above changing foreign policies and economic policies of China cannot be neglected by Coke. In short, political and economic climate in the world are facing drastic changes at present which forced companies to change their vision and mission to cater the needs of the changing world. My second question was about the major determinants of change in Coca Cola Company. Globalization was the major cause of changes happening in Coke according to Jack. He has told me that the business principles changed a lot as a result of globalization. Currently Coke is trying to expand its territories with the help of modern business principles and merger and acquisition is accepted as the major mode of entry to foreign countries. For example, Coke acquired ThumsUp from India as part of their busi ness expansion in India. Coke realized that local knowledge is essential for conducting successful business in a foreign market. In order to acquire local knowledge, acquisition or merger is accepted as the best strategy by Coke. Political, economic and legal climate are other major determinants of change accepted by Coke to expand its business in different territories. Jack

Medical Legal Aspects Of Medical Records Term Paper

Medical Legal Aspects Of Medical Records - Term Paper Example The book brings one to the recognition of the changes in the documentation process that was caused by changes in technology. The book clearly talked about the disadvantages of implementing electronic medical records in the documentation of medical records. It raises the issues that are faced with the electronic medical records and also talked about the privacy, security and confidentiality issues that the electronic medical records have. It also talked about the forensic issues that the electronic system has, explaining that the failure to authenticate the data is a common problem with the electronic medical system. There are also some operational issues with the system as the authors made this very clear in the book. Electronic medical records can create problems for an attorney as they can easily spread information about controversies surrounding a particular patient. The strengths of the book are that it does not only cover medical issues, but goes a step further in highlighting t he forensic issues in the documentation of medical records. The authors took a critical look at the examination of medical records that were found as a result of forensic examination. The weakness of the book is that there is no real or central focus as the authors talked about many issues leaving the reader confused about what the real issue is.

Feedback Loops Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Feedback Loops - Assignment Example Kane (2010) argues that reinforcing loops speeds up the pace of the system as opposed to the initial pace. Feedback in the Air Force will involve the members of staff in decision making, as growth of a system does not occur without application of an effort. In the Air Force as well, balancing loops is important since if the effect dampens, there is need to motivate the staff towards reviving the organization’s set policies. The organization being complex needs to have responses to the feedbacks given. In regard to organizational strategy, feedback loops is of benefit since the organization will have a better chance of steering towards the present. Of essence, the vision and mission of the organization will only be effected through clear communication with the staff, which is only possible through feedback loops (Kane, 2010). Balancing the feedback loops will indeed make the work easier for prospective managers, and in our case, top executives in Air

Culture, Behaviour and Management in field of Construction Project Essay

Culture, Behaviour and Management in field of Construction Project Management - Essay Example The potential effectiveness of these ideologies is tested through the London Olympics 2012 construction projects. It is proved that such ideologies can be effective in the construction industry but only the terms that they are appropriately supported in all their aspects. 1. Introduction In the last decade, the rapid expansion of globalisation in countries worldwide has caused a series of changes in traditional organizational practices and frameworks. It is in the context of this trend that the recent credit crisis appeared. The specific crisis has been related to a series of mind-sets and ideologies. In this way, the management of the effects of the credit crisis is not an issue of organizational practices but rather of ideologies and behaviour. The role of mind-sets and ideologies in the development of the recent credit crisis is examined in this paper; emphasis is given on the potential use of these mind-sets for handling the effects of the crisis on the UK construction industry. The construction projects of the London Olympics 2012 are used as indicative examples for highlighting the potential value of mind-sets in handling problems related to the financial crisis – especially cultural and behavioural problems. ... It is recommended that project managers involved in the particular construction projects – those related to London Olympics 2012 – emphasize more on the use of mind-sets for resolving the cultural and behavioural problems of these projects. At the next level, these practices could benefit the construction projects developed in markets with different characteristics, such as the Thai market. 2. An explanation of the recent ‘credit crisis’ taking the perspective of ‘ideologies and mindsets’ to account for the phenomenon. The recent credit crisis proved the inability of leaders in organizations of all industries to take the necessary measures for increasing the strength of their firm towards the market pressures. As noted in the study of Dotlich et al. (2009) in order to be able to face the developments in the global market, modern leaders should ‘develop four mind-sets: a) a global mind-set, b) an innovation mind-set, c) a virtual mind-set and d) a collaborative mind-set’ (Dotlich et al. 2009, p.36). The above mind-sets could be further explained as follows: a) the first (global) mind-set would help leaders to understand the conditions in the global market and set the appropriate strategic priorities, aiming to help their firm improve its position in the international market, b) the innovation mind-set would refer to leaders who are able to identify and promote creative ideas; these ideas could help organizations to increase their competitiveness or, at least, to avoid major losses in periods of severe crises, like the recent one, c) the virtual mind-set refers to leaders who are able to communicate effectively with external providers established in other countries worldwide (Dotlich et al. 2009, p.36), d) the collaborative mind-set reflects the leader

Image of nursing Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Image of nursing - Annotated Bibliography Example The article analyses relevant literature published between 1980 and 2011 with an attempt to understand the situation of nursing image. According to the media, nursing profession has suffered from invincibility and poor communication since majority of nurses have been women lacking effective communication skills with the media. Nursing is seen to be a female job suffering from gender issues, thus it is difficult to recommend to a male student the profession. Nursing profession organizations have attempted to shape the image of nursing through implementation of ethics and codes of conduct as governing principles to the profession, nevertheless, this has not been efficient in ensuring sufficient resource allocation, remuneration and prevention of violence against the nurses. The unsatisfactory image of nursing has been a leading factor in low staff recruitment, shortage in nurses, and lack of public trust in nurses as well as job dissatisfaction among the nurses. However, well-coordinat ed mechanisms for improving nursing image are projected to be crucial for improvement of the nurses’ attitude towards performance, as well as increasing public trust on

Medieval Times in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medieval Times in Europe - Essay Example As the report explores one of the most notable was the difference in the appearances of those who attended church. Wealthy bourgeoisie merchants were rich in their clothes while the serf families were clad in dirty rough wool. In the middle ages there was a great level of inequality between the classes of society seen. The serf families lived in terrible hardships and it was not an uncommon happening in winter for either the youngest or oldest of poor families to die of cold and hunger. Where the serfs lived in cold stone huts with straw roofs, the noble lords lived in comfortable castles. A large difference was seen when comparing the living standards of the rich and poor. This discussion declares that there was no known cure for this disease and this lack of knowledge led to many different (and rather useless) remedies. These included allusions to alchemy, magic, miracles by the Church and various other cures. Of course, at the time none of them actually worked to help the countless people suffering from the blackening of their skin (due to hemorrhaging under the skin) and the painful swelling and wounds in their bodies and general fever. What was noted was that there was extreme fear for the disease as no one actually had any explanations for how and why it was spreading and killing millions. In their blind and futile search for a cure their frustration was directed at minority groups of society as the Jews and those already suffering from the disease.

Enterprise and Entrepreneruship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise and Entrepreneruship - Essay Example What remains after settling all the expenditure is the entrepreneur’s profit. Thus, the entrepreneur can be said to be one who shifts economic resources from an area of lower productivity, to an area of greater yield and higher productivity. The act that the entrepreneur engages in for the purpose of shifting economic resources from a point of lower productivity, to a point of greater yield and higher productivity is what an entrepreneurship is. The roles and values that the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship dispense in the society and towards economic stability and growth cannot be discounted because they are immense and multifaceted. As a matter of fact, economists and business pundits such as Audretsch are poignant that, the (hypothetical) act of entrepreneurs in a given country making a dereliction on entrepreneurship is tantamount to dealing that country a coup de grace (2007, 67). Entrepreneurship and the Economy One of the salient roles that entrepreneurship dispenses i n the society and to that society’s economy is the maintenance of the relationship between the consumer and the entrepreneur himself. Economies, especially, capitalist ones in the extreme aggregates have theoretical levels of infinite demands. Entrepreneurs do this by creating goods and services, and thereby ultimately meeting the demand of the market which is the society. The gravity of this complementary relationship between the consumer and the entrepreneur is that in the absence of entrepreneurs, the demand of the market will exist, but the supply will be inexistent. This means that even essential products will not be realisable. Likewise, the same also means that should the number of entrepreneurs in the society dwindle, then demand will still override supply, and thereby leading to an increase in commodity prices, higher cost of living and a society or an economy beset by inflation (Batabyal and Nijkamp, 2012, 340). Another way in which the entrepreneur benefits the soc iety is by creating wealth. There are several ways by which an entrepreneur creates wealth. One of the ways by which entrepreneurs do this is by shortening the process of production. As the entrepreneur integrates economic resources to make them readily usable, the chain of production is decoupled, since the buyer is saved from the need to expend his synergy in producing the same material. The buyer thus is succored from extra expenditure. For instance, a transport company can be outsourced by a manufacturing company to help facilitate the transportation of materials essential for production. Thus, the company will have saved the revenue it would have spent in buying large trucks, hiring scores of drivers and settling motor vehicle maintenance costs. The same money that would have been used in settling transportation cost may serve as ploughed-back capital, to help the manufacturing firm continue with its production exercises (AMAM, 2010, 75 and Audretsch, 2007, 66). Frederick, Mons en and Hunter observe that increased unit and volume of production emanating from ploughed-back cap

Analysis of Conspiracy Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Conspiracy Essay Within two hours the senior officials seem to casually discuss the most practical way of eliminating the Jewish race and conclude with the final policy solution. The film is based on the Wannsee protocol or the minutes the document which is authored by Adolf Eichmann and the document was found 1947 by Robert Kemper. The film is dramatized for entertainment purposes, meaning that it is not fully accurate because the creators tended to take certain liberties in making the film. Although at the end it is stated that the film ‘is based on a true story, with some scenes, events, and characters created or changed for dramatic purposes’. The issue still remains that most people tend to take films at face value, and do not bother doing further research about the topic at hand also the ending credits to do make that much of a difference to those people. The film as a historical source faces some limitations because it runs for ninety minutes when focusing on issue as deep as the origins of the final solutions, ninety minutes is not enough time to go into depth. The film would have been more valuable as a historical source if it had involved itself more in the debate of the origins of the final solution. However, film makers have a different duty from Historians their purpose is to entertain and not educate. The strongest limitation is the dialogue which is actually quiet misleading, because Pierson dramatizes it for entertainment purpose and it is mostly fictional. Eichmann stated in his testimony in 1962 that the last twenty minutes of the meeting were words like extermination and liquidation were used was removed from the official summary and summed in one sentence. Pierson and Mandel fail to analyse the document that the film is based on ‘minutes’ rather it summaries and add on fictional scenes for entertainment. For example in film Kritzinger protests against the idea of extermination because Hitler had promised him that this would not become a state policy. We also see another fictional scene where Heydrick pressures other senior officials Kritzinger and Stuckart to support him during the meeting there evidences suggests that he did not need to pressure them because he was powerful. During the first part of the meeting the senior officials discuss various solutions to the Jewish question, sterilisation of those with Jewish blood is discussed, and here the division between the politicians and the military can be seen. In the second part of the meeting the atmosphere becomes more serious when Heydrick suggests gas chambers and the rest of the men find out that S. S have already begun building extermination camps. The film should have clarified that Jews were already being murdered on an organised scale, Pierson slightly neglected that point. Film makers’ face the same problems Historians face when using the Wannsee protocol document, it is very open to interpretation when translated into English. Holocaust deniers have used the document to argue that Hitler had no involvement in the planning or implementing the final solution. Furthermore, Holocaust denier David Irving has argued the Wannsee conference was about immigration of the Jews, when testify during his trial he pointed that words such ‘killing’ or extermination of the Jews were not used in the conference. However in the film words like kill or exterminate were used, which is another inaccuracy because in the actual document killing euphemism are used instead. However Eichmann did confirm in his 1962 trail that after the meeting had ended the men became less restrained and freely discussed killing methods however this was deleted the official summary and replaced with one sentence. The film overplays the role of the Wannsee conference; Gerlach argues that the meeting occurred not to discuss the fate of Jews in Europe but for Heydrick to seek support from other senior officials. The conference was originally schedule for the 9th of December but happened on the 20th of January giving Heydrick time to prepare the new task based Hitler’s ‘basic decision’. Unlike other Historical source the film industry seem to have shallow research which it tends to exaggerate, this is one of the issues with this film. For this film to be an adequate historical source it should have not put so much emphasis on the conference and also focused to the prior events. Also the film does not address Hitler’s role in the final solution, most historical sources on this topic have done so, and Hitler’s role is one most controversial aspects of this topic. The relevance of the conference is widely debated amongst scholars, with conventional Historian arguing that the murdering of Jews had begun at the latest in December 1941 long before the conference. When focusing on the origins of the final solution the film gives an inaccurate perspective because although it mentions that the extermination camps were being built it fails to mention a mobile version of the gas chamber was already in use. In June 1941 the Soviet Union territory that was under Germany saw Jewish men of military age being executed by special mobile forces. On the 8th December an SS command unit used gas vans to kill Jews from neighbouring districts of Wartherland, clearly the preparations of the final solution began before the Wannsee conference. Clearly the final solution was already in place before the conference so there is no need place too much emphasis on it like Pierson. In conclusion, overall this a good film however if it is used as a historical source it should not be taken at face value. It is very good in delving into the bizarre Nazi psychology and behaviour and sophisticatedly highlights how their belief of the Nazi ideology had led them to dehumanise the Jews.

Essay Example for Free

Essay Most people think â€Å"we† are becoming more equal through out history. Although, the reality is that we repeat history. Between class, gender, and race the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. With that being said I will introduce five facts that reflect social construct relating to class, gender and race in America. Class is a set of concepts that society has created to measure ones income, wealth, and status. While, there is not a direct definition of class it is a huge aspect of the way we live our lives. I will break down class within the way society measures it. Income is based on the particular money or revenue an employee is bringing home. Meaning wealth is significantly associated with income plus the material things an individual owns; for example expensive cars, land, or any ownership that shows fortune. In theory, status is the exemplification of inheritance, for example a family business, a home or even something as small as jewelry. The Daily Conversation displays a visual by a Harvard business professor whom interviewed five thousand people on their view of wealth inequality in America (YouTube, 2014). As shown in the YouTube video Wealth Inequality In America Daily Conversation proves that society has no authentic awareness on the way wealth is spread among the American people. Out of the five thousand Americans interviewed they thought that the top twenty percent of wealthy people were almost as half the amount of high-middle, middle, and poor class wealth. Ninety-two percent of those people think the ideal wealth should be dispensed nearly equally among the top twenty percent wealthy and middle class with a less portion to the poor class. In reality the top twenty percent of wealthy Americans are roughly three-fourths the wealth compared to the middle and lower class. As mentioned in the article Mobility, measured it shows that â€Å"America is no less socially mobile than it was a generation ago† (The Economist, 2014). The image showed before the article displays a triple bunk bed related to the differences’ between social class constructions. On the top bunk posi tioned the wealthy percent of the population with only two characters, a man and woman. Underneath the middle class is placed then demonstrated as the educated. Next the poor or lower class is detained in a filthy and packed environment. On the sides of the bunk bed are ladders. On the left is a character that seems to be educated and excited to move up the ladder to the top wealthy percentile. Also on the left another educated character is  falling off the ladder showing the immobilization of society. There are many reasons why social mobility is decreasing over the years. Such as the correlation between parents and children, â€Å"†¦the odds that a child born into the bottom fifth of the income distribution will climb all the way up to the top fifth† (The Economist, 2014) is nearly unmanageable. Statistics show that this correlation has not altered over years. Although there is evidence that mobilization is lessening, Americans still believe that the lower class has a chance at climbing the ladder and succeeding, just as mentioned in the YouTube video previously. It may seem nevertheless that class is the only contribution to each individual’s well-being but everyone has intersectionality in society. Class, gender and race include all aspects of who we are and where we are placed among the spectrum. Gender roles are a huge democracy in today’s American society. Yet, they are different in all types of cultures in different parts of the world. It was simply that the women was a housewife and contributed to the man of the household and children as her job. Furthermore the men’s job was to work and bring home the income. Society presents these different types of roles through everyday media. The cheery blossom market mentioned in the YouTube video Medias portrayal of gender roles shows little girls grocery shopping and cooking like women roles should be, so why not learn early? Not to mention the Tonka Pods that are small construction toys to show little boys where they are expected to work (YouTube, 2014). Though parents might think toys are just for children to play with, those â€Å"toys† are molding them for the future. Toys such as Baby Alive or the American Girl dolls, give the perception that its okay for young ladies to have children and that its their role to take care of the child, because they are a the woman. On the a web page called women in advertisements and body image illustrate an image with a woman on the floor seeming to be looking a Christmas card. In the caption of the advertisement it states â€Å" Christmas morning she will be happier with a hoover† this statement undergoes the housewife role. Studies of advertisements in a variety of mens, womens, and general interest magazines have categorized women in various roles: housewife, decorative element, sex object, and dependent on men† (Zimmerman Dahlberg, 71). With the intention of grabbing the man or woman’s attraction to the product based on their gender roles, thus their interest. In addition, race is the  greatest influential on society. Well what exactly is race? Race is grouping of entities that believed to share joint inborn biological characteristics. To start from the beginning slave codes where set to govern slaves, black people. Once it became unconstitutional the black codes where then placed, which are regulations that only affected blacks. As stated before the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. Meaning black codes where only the recreated, yet name change of slave codes. Ne xt the Jim Crow laws were assigned setting segregation status between whites and blacks. Although these laws are not placed today and are considered unconstitutional statistics show that blacks are still the underdogs. The likelihood that a black defendant with a white victim will be prosecuted is significantly more than a white defendant and a black victim. Race has physical and cultural social construction. Physical differences cause the cultural differences. For example within the African American culture there is a battle between the light skin and dark skin men and women. In the Race In Hollywood: Black Actresses Weigh In On The Light Skin Vs. Dark Skin Debate (VIDEO) successful actresses and the lovely Oprah discuses the topic of dark and lighter skin people in the same race. Oprah asked if the actresses wherever denied a part, because it was for the â€Å"prettier black girl, even from their own people† and two mentioned yes (The Huffington Post, 2014). Gabrielle Union mentioned in the video that dark and light skin girls go to clubs and promote against each other. From experience I have personality been a victim of the dark and light skin discrimination. Things like â€Å"our pretty for a dark skin girl† or even â€Å"your dark skin makeup sets well† are a few slurs African American females through at each other. As for the African American race to be the most victimized it is astonishing that there would be hatred against each other. Also, said in the Oprah interview some believe this is the aftermath of slavery that African Americans are still mad, hurt and are continuing to battle against one another because of it. Do you think â€Å"we† are becoming more equal through out history? Although, the reality is that we repeat history. Between class, gender, and race the recreation of systems of discrimination is repetitive. After showing the massive class misconception and non-mobility, gender roles, race against race, yet also against same racial group how well is our society creating a equal nation. References The Economist,. Mobility, measured, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21595437-america-no-less-socially-mobile-it-was-generation-ago-mobility-measured. The Huffington Post,. WATCH: Actresses Tackle The Light Skin Vs. Dark Skin Debate, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/26/race-in-hollywood-light-dark-skin_n_3473707.html. Womeninads.weebly.com,. WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Overview, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: http://womeninads.weebly.com/index.html. YouTube,. Medias portrayal of gender roles, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w2bYinZ6RX0. YouTube,. Wealth Inequality In America, 2014. Online. Internet. 11 Nov. 2014. . Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTj9AcwkaKM.

Implementing Digital Marketing Strategies For Nissan Micra Marketing Essay

Implementing Digital Marketing Strategies For Nissan Micra Marketing Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Phonethics Mobile Media develops digital and mobile content for promotion of products and services online. There are various tools and platforms aailablc to promote offerings over the internet. To name a few. Blogging Micro-site Online Games Flash Games Banners SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Videos Picture Galleries Social Media Marketing The project required using the concept of Social Media Optimization to execute the ongoing campaigns successfully ABOUT THE INDUSTRY Digital Marketing is the promoting of brands using all forms of digital advertising. This now includes Television, Radio, Internet, mobile and any other form of digital media. Digital Marketing is the practice of promoting products and services using digital distribution channels to reach consumers in a timely, relevant, personal and cost-effective manner. Whilst digital marketing does include many of the techniques and practices contained within the category of Internet Marketing, it extends beyond this by including other channels with which to reach people that do not require the use of The Internet. As a result of this non-reliance on the Internet, the field of digital marketing includes a whole host of elements such as mobile phones, sms/mms, display / banner ads and digital outdoor. Strategies for Digital Marketing There are two basic digital marketing strategies used by current and potential customers. These two types of digital marketing are called the Push and the Pull. Their methodology for providing information to customers works as follows: Pull digital marketing the customer seeks information about products and/or services by visiting the companys sources of information searching for the specific product or service information. They are basically requesting to view this specific content. These are typically located in websites, blogs, streaming audio and video sources. Customers have found related information on other websites or been directed to the companys sources by a referring website to find the information. Advantages: No restrictions on file size No opt-in requirements Low technology requirements for the company Disadvantages:- Marketing required Little tracking of visitors No personalization to keep the visitors coming back. Push digital marketing customers are provided information by receiving or viewing advertisements digitally, such as: SMS, RSS, cellphone calls, etc., as subscribers of the latest product and service information provided by the company. Advantages Faster delivery push technologies can deliver content immediately as it becomes available. Consistent delivery some push platforms have single content types, making it difficult for the user to block content by type. Better targeting since push technology usually justifies subscription, more specific marketing data may be collected during registration, which allows for better targeting and more personalization. Better data marketing data can be correlated to each request for content, allowing marketers to see information such as user name as well as demographic and psychographic data. Disadvantages Smaller audience push technology not implemented on common platforms generally need client and/or server software before content can be created, distributed, and/or viewed. Higher cost less popular platforms may have higher implementation costs. Lesser discoverability smaller audiences mean fewer views mean less visibility in search engines. SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS On average each adult with a social networking page or profile has profiles on 1.6 sites, and 39% of adults have profiles on two or more sites.Half of all current adult social networkers say that they access their profiles at least every other day. Internet marketing, also referred to as i-marketing, web-marketing, online-marketing or e-Marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The Internet has brought media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing in terms of providing instant responses and eliciting responses are the unique qualities of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems are also often grouped together under internet marketing. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including: design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along many different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008, The New York Times working with comScore published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month. Facebook Facebook is a social networking website launched on February 4, 2004. The free-access website is privately owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. Users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region to connect and interact with other people. People can also add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profile to notify friends about themselves. The websites name refers to the paper facebooks depicting members of a campus community that some US colleges and preparatory schools give to incoming students, faculty, and staff as a way to get to know other people on campus. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook while he was a student at Harvard University. Website membership was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Ivy League. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 120 million active users worldwide. Facebook has met with some controversy over the past few years. It has been blocked intermittently in several countries including Syria, Pakistan and Iran. It has also been banned at many places of work to increase productivity. Privacy has also been an issue, and it has been compromised several times. Community mindset: connect Primary demographic: 25 to 45 Ideal fit for: entertainment, lifestyle brands, and non-profits Biggest opportunity: using ads to build fans Biggest challenge: few appreciate Facebook advertising Metrics: fans, comments, likes, wall posts Helpful tools: Lexicon, ad interface, applications, analytics, connect, etc. Orkut Orkut is a social networking website that is owned and operated by Google Inc. The service is designed to help users meet new friends and maintain existing relationships. The website is named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Bà ¼yà ¼kkà ¶kten. Although Orkut is less popular in the United States than competitors Facebook and MySpace, it is one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil. In fact, as of December 2009, 51.09% of Orkuts users are from Brazil, followed by India with 20.02% and United States with 17.28%. Originally hosted in California, in August 2008 Google announced that Orkut would be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues. As of July 2010, Alexa traffic ranked Orkut 65th in the world; the website currently has more than 100 million active users worldwide. Anyone of age above 13 years can join orkut. Community mindset: connect Primary demographic: 15 to 25 Ideal fit for: entertainment, lifestyle brands, and non-profits Biggest opportunity: Community building Biggest challenges: noisy; losing market share quickly Metrics: friends, favorites, groups, impressions Helpful tools: Open Platform, Orkut Promote LinkedIn LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking site. Founded in December 2002 and launched in May 2003, it is mainly used for professional networking. As of 21 June 2010, LinkedIn had more than 70 million registered users, spanning more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. The site is available in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish. Membership The membership grows by a new member approximately every second. About half of the members are in the United States and 11 million are from Europe. With 3 million users, India is the fastest-growing country as of 2009. The Netherlands has the highest adoption rate per capita outside the US at 30%. Community mindset: connect Primary demographic: 35 to 55 Ideal fit for: service providers, industry associations Biggest opportunity: creating thought leadership via QA and Groups Biggest challenge: time commitment Metrics: profile connections, best answers, group members, discussions Helpful tools: Applications, Salesforce plug-in Twitter Twitter is a social networking and microblogging service that enables its users to send and read other user messages called tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the authors profile page. Tweets are publicly visible by default, however senders can restrict message delivery to their friends list. Users may subscribe to other author tweets-this is known as following and subscribers are known as followers. As of late 2009, users can follow lists of authors instead of following individual authors.[5][6] All users can send and receive tweets via the Twitter website, compatible external applications (such as, for smartphones), or by Short Message Service (SMS) available in certain countries.[7] While the service is free, accessing it through SMS may incur phone service provider fees. Since its creation in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide and currently has more than 100 million users worldwide. It is sometimes des cribed as the SMS of the Internet The use of Twitters application programming interface (API) for sending and receiving SMS from other applications often dominates the direct use of Twitter. Community mindset: create (micro blogging) Primary demographic: 35 to 45 Ideal fit for: service industry Biggest opportunity: customer service, consumer insight, sales and marketing Biggest challenges: noisy; reliability issues; platform limitations Metrics: followers, @ replies, retweets, direct messages, custom hashtags Helpful tools: BingTweets, TweetBeep, TweetDeck, HootSuite, CoTweet, Mr. Tweet, Twitalyzer, blog plug-ins YouTube YouTube is a video-sharing website on which users can upload, share, and view videos. Three former PayPal employees created YouTube in February 2005. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google. The company is based in San Bruno, California, and uses Adobe Flash Video technology to display a wide variety of user-generated video content, including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content such as video blogging and short original videos. Most of the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals, although media corporations including CBS, BBC, VEVO and other organizations offer some of their material via the site, as part of the YouTube partnership program. Unregistered users can watch the videos, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos that are considered to contain potentially offensive content are available only to registered users 18 and older. Community mindset: vote Primary demographic: 25 to 45 Ideal fit for: big brands and entertainment Biggest opportunity: creating viral content (e.g., United Breaks Guitars) Biggest challenges: noise; conversions Metrics: views, comments, subscribers, ratings Helpful tools: TubeMogul, YouTube Insight ABOUT PHONETHICS Phonethics Mobile Media was setup in Feb. 2006. It is essentially a Digital marketing and online promotion firm. The mission of the company- To create character-led Original Content Content Format: Short form Video, Animation Audio(15 sec 30 min) For commercial distribution on the wireless and emerging media. The company has its genesis in a 9 year old Advertising and computer film production company, Ethics. Phonethics was founded by Saurabh Gupta along with an angel investor. The company is mentored by Prof. Deepak Jain (Dean- Kellogg College) and enjoys creative support and involvement from actor, Rahul Bose. The company has two divisions: IP products Division: Creating Character led content Services division: Executing advertising corporate assignments Phonethics specializes in creation of Short From content for the Web and Mobile platforms. Content creation abilities: Identifying and conceptualization- Scripting and Storyboard Video creation Shoot, Edit and produce video products Animation 2D and 3D Audio Music and Sound Design Currently Phonethics has a library of 8 characters with fully evolved storylines. Each character is representative of a particular vertical of content. The base content for all forms of media is Video, Animation pieces with affiliate products in the form of Ringtones, Wallpapers, etc. PROJECT DETAILS Overview Campaigns Worked On: Take Care Take Charge ( An initiative by Garnier Times of India) Nissan Micra Responsibilities At Phonethics, I was absorbed as an employee and put on to the Business Development team as a team leader. The first month was clogged with sales and promotional work, where I was expected to understand their clients and working style. Combined with constant mentoring and on-the-job training, I got the opportunity to add value to myself as well as the organization. Working on two different brands catering to diverse target audiences threw light on the dynamics of the Indian Markets. In order to successfully and effectively carry out the promotional work it was necessary to understand the needs of the respective clients and cater to them. TAKE CARE TAKE CHARGE Project Overview Take Care Take Charge was promoted by Garnier and Times of India. It was a 45 day campaign built around the topic of paper recycling.  Beginning from April 22, Over the next 45 days, this campaign helped to build a greenhouse of ideas to help build a greener planet. For every idea received, Garnier and the Times of India bought 10 kilograms of used paper. And on June 5 World Environment Day the campaign culminated with an entirely recycled special edition of the Times of India. Many Sustainable solutions to environmental issues under the following broad themes: transport and vehicular pollution; heritage and cultural conservation; and biodiversity and greening were generated. All the ideas were shared on www.takecaretakecharge.in Ideas was judged on robustness, scalability, ease of implementation and cost. Ten ideas per city was finalized by the Centre of Environment Education. The shortlisted ideas was not only published in the Times of India, but also was recommended to the government for implementation. Project Objective Times of India approached Phonethics with a main objective of creating a buzz about the campaign and invite green ideas from the users across the 6 cities using TOI network as a platform. Promotional Strategies Adopted Website development Banner advertisement Search Engine Marketing (SEM), Social Media Optimization (SMO), Social Media Management (SMM) SMS Bursts Facebook Ads Project Execution Design Development of Website on the Green Theme Banner advertisements featured in TOI and allied websites. Social Media Engagement in popular social networking sites such as Facebook, Orkut and Twitter. Due to SMO, Traffic to TCTC website increased, Generating Leads The Campaign was also optimized in the Mobile world with users being able to send in their ideas using their cellphone which were featured as Daily Contributions in the website Mailer was sent to each lead asking for a proper description of the idea in the defined format. Every week , Of the ideas submitted from 6 cities , 10 of them where published as Featured Ideas the in website At end of the campaign, 60 Best Ideas from the 6 cities were published Vital Stats Impressions: 545, 29,895 Clicks: 47,565 Ideas Registered: 5000+ Page Views: 126,789 SCREENSHOTS City Specific Idea Count was displayed on the Map of India Users could send in their ideas through their mobile which is published as a daily contribution NISSAN MICRA Project Overview The All new fourth generation Nissan Micra was unveiled at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Nissan India was planning to launch the small car named Micra in India on 15th July 2010 and its success would play a very crucial and key role in plans of Nissan for Indian Market. New Nissan Micra would be an excellent combination of newer generation cutting edge technology, exceptional design and advanced features. Developed and built on Nissans all-new V-platform, the new Nissan Micra was designed and tested in Japan to be built in at least four overseas locations, and fine-tuned to meet the differing tastes and needs of customers in 160 countries worldwide. The main threat being faced by Nissan in India was the low brand awareness in the minds of Indians. Nissan had to tap into the small car segment that was already wrought with fierce competition. Nissan approached Phonethics Mobile Media to handle the entire digital campaign for Micra. They were concerned about getting maximum number of bookings through the 11 dealers spread across India. Project Objective(s) Create a microsite for lead generation Display banner ads on popular websites where the intended small car buying audience visits Create and maintain a fan page on the popular social networking website FACEBOOK to facilitate direct interaction with the intended target audience Run an ad campaign on Facebook Reach and interact with the prospective buyers through social media websites Promotional Strategies Adopted Do the initial research and check where competitors and other small car makers display banner ads Send greetings to individuals who have shown interest and signed up at the microsite. Create promotional messages for the activity keeping in mind the appropriate forum/community Tracking codes were implemented for independent community managers for tracking and filtering clicks and to generate accurate report of clicks. Update the microsite with the updates of the company. Project Execution The work started off by creating a microsite for generating leads and capturing interest. A FACEBOOK fan page was made and latest updates about Nissan Micra were regularly posted. Customer queries were also managed mainly dealing with the car price, availability and technical specifications. Community managers were assigned the work of posting details about the car on relevant communities and groups. The FACEBOOK fan page generated close to 2000 fans in a short span of a month. FACEBOOK fan page was integral in engaging the audience and generating brand awareness amongst the younger internet savvy crowd. Around 1000 bookings were generated even before the TV ads had started playing. Vital Stats *** Till 17th June10 Impressions: 95,88,621 Clicks: 54,447 Leads Generated: 5861 Page Views: 153,491 SCREEN SHOTS A banner ad on display at a popular website Measuring Performance The three most common ways in which online advertising is purchased are CPM, CPC and CPA CPM (Cost per Mille), also called Cost per Impression (CPI), is where advertisers pay for exposure of their message to a specific audience. Per mille means per thousand impressions or loads of an advertisement. However, some impressions may not be counted, such as a reload or internal user action. The M in the acronym is the Roman numeral for one thousand. CPV (Cost per Visitor) or (Cost per View in the case of Pop Ups and Unders) is where advertisers pay for the delivery of a Targeted Visitor to the advertisers website. CPC (Cost Per Click) is also known as Pay per click (PPC).Advertisers pay each time a user clicks on their listing and is redirected to their website. They do not actually pay for the listing, but only when the listing is clicked on. This system allows advertising specialists to refine searches and gain information about their market. Under the Pay per click pricing system, advertisers pay for the right to be listed under a series of target rich words hat direct relevant traffic to their website, and pay only when someone clicks on their listing which links directly to their website. CPC differs from CPV in that each click is paid for regardless of whether the use makes it to the target site. CPA (Cost per Action) or (Cost per Acquisition) advertising is performance based and is common in the affiliate marketing sector of the business. In this payment scheme , the publisher takes all the risk of running the ad, and the advertiser pays only for the amount of users who complete a transaction, such as a purchase or sign-up. This is the best type of rate to pay for banner advertisements and the worst type of rate to charge. Similarly. CPL (Cost per Lead)advertising is identical to CPA advertising and is based on the user completing a form, registering for a newsletter or some other action that the merchant feels will lead to a sale, Also common, CPO (Cost per Order) advertising is based on each time an order is transacted. Cost per conversion Describes the cost of acquiring a customer typically calculated by dividing the total cost of an ad campaign by the number of conversions. The Definition: Conversion varies depending on the situation: it is sometimes considered to be a lead, a sale or a purchase. CPE (Cost per Engagement) is a form of Cost Per Action pricing first introduced in March 2008.Differing from cost per impression or cost per click models, a CPE model means advertising impressions are free and advertisers pay only when a user engages with their specific ad unit. Engagement is defined as a user interacting with an ad in any number of ways. @ Phonethics The success of any running campaign can be measured and reviewed using the Google analytics tool. This tool gives a complete break up of where the traffic has originated. The tool gives details about the website from which traffic was generated the search keywords used to to reach the landing page etc. Any campaign can be reviewed on the following parameters Number of clicks received: Campaign-wise, as on any date (beginning from te 1st day of the campaign) Graphical representation of the websites through which traffic is being directed to th desired Landing page Regional graph providing details of where the clicks are coming from Number of Clicks, banner ad location wise, which can measure the effectiveness of a particular banner ad.

Ingerno 8: The passage Across The Styx :: Dante Divine Comedy

Ingerno 8: The passage Across The Styx In the summer of 1373 the Florentine Commune commissioned Giovanni Boccaccio to deliver a series of public lectures on Dante's Divine Comedy, and these readings and commentaries on individual cantos which were presented in the church of Santo Stefano di Badia between October 1373 and April 1374 are the first in a tradition which continues vigorously in many parts of the world in our own day.1 We do not know exactly when Boccaccio gave his lectures on the eighth canto of the Inferno, but in retrospect we may note that they fall roughly at the midpoint of his series, which was regrettably interrupted at the beginning of canto 17. Boccaccio begins his reading of Inferno 8 by remarking its unusual opening:2 [Dante] says therefore in the first part:  «I say, continuing ». We may be somewhat perplexed by these words since everyone readily understands that the poet perforce continues the subject matter already begun and needs not note this fact; and we are even more perplexed because up to this point he has not employed this technique to continue his narrative. And, therefore, in order to dispel this state of perplexity, it must be made known that Dante had a sister, who was married to one of our fellow citizens.... True to his reputation as a master racconteur, Boccaccio tells how, after Dante had left his native city of Florence in exile, his wife, Gemma, fearful that harm would come to their property, placed certain valuable items in several strongboxes for safe keeping, and among these were copies of some of her husband's writings, including the first seven cantos of the Inferno. As Boccaccio reports, these cantos eventually came to light and were read by several people who, appreciating their excellence, recommended that they be sent to their author so that he might continue and complete this wonderful undertaking. And so, learning that Dante was then residing with Moroello Malaspina in Lunigiana, these interlopers forwarded him the seven cantos, and, as Boccaccio tells the story, Dante, having received such encouragement, set himself about his task and began the eighth canto with the words  «Io dico seguitando... » __ or, as we might say today,  «Well, as I was saying... ». While providing an interesting though less than satisfactory

Terminator Technology :: Agriculture Agricultural Technological Papers

Terminator Technology Introduction: What is Terminator Technology? Terminator Technology is a reality that threatens the very existence of traditional agriculture. Where in previous times farmers depended on saving seeds from year to year in order to subsist, we are ebbing upon a time where genetically modified organisms, or GMO's as they are commonly referred to, have become a commercial reality and venture in agriculture. This commercial venture was surely the focus of a seed company Delta and Pine Land Company. In March of 1998, the DPL (Delta PineLand) company along with the cooperation of the United States Department of Agriculture acquired a patent for the control of plant gene expression. One such application of this patent is the plan to engineer crops to kill their own seeds in the second generation of its life. After the second generation, it would be impossible for farmers to save and replant their seeds for the next crop. Hence, the adoption of the name "Terminator Technology." Such technology has not only economic and environmental impl ications, but secular ones as well. There were most likely other reasons for developing Terminator Technology. One reason may be the way in which Terminator's effect differs from hybridization. In Terminator technology the second generation of the seed is killed. With hybridization, although with unpredictable combinations any genes present in the hybrid will be present in the second generation and at least the second generation is alive. One argumentation that supports the use of Terminator technology centers on the fact that if you use Terminator in combination with a genetically engineered variety it will help to cease any release of GMO's into the environment. If GMO's escape into the environment then the consequences are hard to predict, but if the repercussions were dangerous then having the entire second-generation seeds die would take away this hazard. Basically, to sum it up succinctly, the implications of such technology are not understood until we look into just how the science of these self-terminating orga nisms works. How Does Terminator Technology Work? To delve into the clockwork of this technology we must start from the beginning. A plant starts its life as a single celled organism; the sperm within pollen fertilizes an egg. This egg (cell) divides to form the tissues and organs of a species. As development proceeds cells grow unique of one another and change. Different cells make up different things (ex cells in the stalk of the plant are much different than those of the piston) and these differences are attributed to the fact the different amounts of proteins in each cell.

The Essential Role Of Stereotype In Propaganda Essay -- Media Stereoty

The Essential Role Of Stereotype In Propaganda People encounter propaganda and stereotypes in their daily lifestyle from social interaction with peers to family and the media. Propaganda and stereotype are correlative; however their conceptual fundaments are different. Propaganda is a systematic manipulation of public opinion that is consciously disseminated to promote a doctrine or cause. Contemporary propaganda deliberately attempts to alter peoples’ opinion and influence human behaviour through common broadcasters such as â€Å"politicians, advertisers, journalists, and radio personalities† (Delwiche 2002). Stereotype is defined as â€Å"a conventional, formulaic and over simplified conception, opinion or image† (Dictionary.com 2004). These generalizations influence peoples’ attitudes, values, beliefs and habits, as it conveys a biased perception towards an individual or a specific group. Stereotypes include, people conforming to a fixed image of an individual’s characteristics, based on race , age, gender, religion, and any other basis of subjectivity. Stereotype plays an active role in propaganda as it is publicly broadcasted to persuade the majority of people that encounter the misleading information. The tactics executed by the government in campaigns and regarding ethical dilemmas tends to be based on unsubstantiated evidence, which slanders an ethnic reputation and creates unnecessary criticisms of sexual orientation. Propaganda and stereotypes work well simultaneously, taking into account propaganda tactics are incorporated in politicians’ strategy of deceiving people. Propagandists eminently use compelling arguments as a method to persuade and sway individuals opinions; contrarily, the information is misleading because it ... ...ed on March 31, 2004. Thorpe, David (2004). The national gay & lesbian newsmagazine: The Advocate Spotlighting AIDS p.4. Online at: , consulted on March 29, 2004 Zogby, James J. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: The Bombings of U.S. Embassies and U.S. Rocket Attacks on Afghanistan and Sudan: Arab Americans Must Condemn All Purveyors of Hatred. Washington: Nov 1998. Vol. XVII, Iss. 7; pg 12. Online at: , consulted on March 30, 2004.

Declaration of Independence vs. Gettysburg Address Essay

The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are glimpses into America’s history. They were written in two different time periods: America’s first years in 1776 and the Civil War in the 1800’s. Despite their time gap, they are similar because they both explain to the reader what is going on during their time period. However, the country was going through different events and so these two documents are diverse as well. Both The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address were written during times of turmoil and change for the country. Both occurred during a time of war in which America was fighting for liberty and freedoms. During the Revolutionary War, the United States was trying to become â€Å"a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal†. It was battling for independence and the right to govern them in a way that would actually benefit the country and its people. So in 1776 when The Declaration of Independence was written, the country fought for freedom for themselves. During the Civil War, the country was divided in two, one half of the country fighting against the other half. They were independent as a country, but this time they were fighting for freedom for others—the African-American slaves. In a way though, America was fighting for equality both times. The first was equal treatment for the British citizens and American colonists. The second time, the country was fighting for equal treatment for all men, no matter what skin color. Both these eras were a time of testing for the United States. The Revolutionary War period determined whether the states would actually be able to achieve independence. The Civil War was a test to see if America would be able to keep that independence. President Abraham Lincoln spoke about this in his Gettysburg Address: â€Å"we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure†. These two documents are similar because they are both written about a time of battle which tested America’s strength. The Declaration of Independence and Gettysburg Address are different for several reasons. For one, The Declaration of Independence is a statement while the Gettysburg Address was a speech. The authors were also targeting different audiences. The Declaration of Independence was written mostly for themselves, but also for the British government. The Declaration stated the sentiments of the thirteen colonies and â€Å"the causes which impel them to the separation†. This clarified where the people stood in regards to their independence. This was for the benefit and organization of the country, but also for the British to know that the Americans were not giving up on independence. The Gettysburg Address was a speech given by President Abraham Lincoln to the people of America. The Civil War was not an international conflict, but rather one inside the nation. The speech was aimed for encouraging and touching the hearts of the American people. Lincoln wanted them to not give up on the cause they were fighting for, but â€Å"to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us†. In the Gettysburg Address, the president was appealing to the people’s emotions in order to boost their war effort. This is another difference it has with The Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence appealed to the British government about rights that the people ought to have. The tone of the Gettysburg Address is more personal since Lincoln’s goal was to encourage the people. Lincoln achieves a personal tone by speaking about the brave men who fought in the recent battle. The Declaration of Independence, on the other hand, was written as a political document with a formal tone. It lists the main reasons why the people were demanding independence, which were mostly due to Great Britain’s offenses against the colonies. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address are very distinct because they were appealing to different audiences and written in different tones. The Declaration of Independence and the Gettysburg Address have several similarities and differences. Although they were written during different time periods, they both fight for liberty, freedom, and equality. However, the two documents, one a statement and the other a letter, were targeted at different audiences. This results in differing tones. One thing similar, both documents were written with a courage and passion for the goal it was fighting for.

Sacred Exchange Between Saint Francis and Lady Poverty

THE SACRED EXCHANGE BETWEEN everlasting(a)ion FRANCIS AND chick pauperism INTRODUCTION The Francis fucking inn has been saddled with the controversy on the issue of the observation of indigence. During the in live duration of reverence Francis of Assisi, in that respect were al reach factions in the mellowed society the faction that were in favour of sustentation the Francis flock charism in a vernal di workforcesion be c in e actu in ally(prenominal)ed the lenient and the wise, and those who atomic number 18 in favour of tutelage to the schoolmaster modality of maintenance the Francis force out Charism, be often c wholeed the companions we who were with him. aft(prenominal) the d eliminateh of Francis, the controversy became much intense between the Friars of the Community, who sought- subsequentlyward(a) to sound the dominion and indigence of the Francis devolve the axe invigoration in t confesss and cities with the inspiration of the anchorer, and the tinctureuals that sought to await the typographical error bill of dominion with a to a greater extent austere ad eat upnce. This controversy on the issue of the ordinance of impoverish custodyt prompted so m each an(prenominal) friars from both factions to publish books in defense of the service of pauperisation. Examples of books published intromit numinous transpose between St Francis of Assisi and gentlewo serviceman shortsightedness by an unknown agent, The myth of the Three Companions by Br.Leo, Br. Rufino and Br. Angelo, The Tree of the Crucified intent of messiah the Naz argonne by Ubertino Da Casale, The Tribulations of the indian lodge of Lesser Ones by Angelo Clarino, the unretentive flowers of St Francis and so forthtera In this essay, I go by dint of oning be justifying in details the unwraping that the motive is sifting to submit crosswise from approximately of the subthemes of the book entitled, The Sacred mass meeting betwee n St Francis of Assisi and wench distress, that is specific aloney written in defense of the typographical error ceremonial of leanness, indicating w here the germ is piece of music from, the social class of composition and the aim of the originator and the guild of his time.The Sacred Exchange in former(a)wise(a) lecture, environed the holy commerce between St Francis and gentlewoman want was written or placid between 1237 and 1239, a couple of(prenominal) eld later the death of St Francis of Assisi. It was written this time beca be intimate workforcet there were already lapses in the card of want serious few years aft(prenominal) the death of the founder. in the likes of manner during these years, Pope Gregory IX, a c drop onward friend of Francis and the initiative carmine protector of the line of battle, issued a papal obtains of frame entitled Quo elongati addressed to the Friars egarding the ordinance of the Rule and volition of Saint Francis . Further much, Br. Elias was elected as the Minister General of the pronounce and a massive Church was beingness reinforced in comply of St Francis in the urban center of Assisi. All these development encourage the liberalization of the real sacrament of beggary, gum olibanum creating to a greater extent percentage within the Order. Consequently, this book was cool with rich allegory flavoured with so many biblical references to argue, encourage and to remind the friars of the vastness of the substantial ceremony of leanness in the Order.AUTHOR Up to this day, the originator of this book is so farthermostther unknown, merely there argon suggestions that the power could be St Anthony of Padua, arouse John of Parma or Caesar of Speyer, because there be similarities in their writing style with that of Sacred Exchange. It is genuine that this was be by a lenient Francis bed Friar who is well versed and in word form with what was going on in the Order at that time.His talented gift surfaced in the way he personified distress as a chick, because the word lady instrument a new-fangled admirable and humble woman that knows her worth and does non try aside after men instead men unceasingly prove after her and she resolves with slang it off and kindness to the true man who check outks her. EXPLANATIONS ON THE SUB-THEMES BLESSED FRANCIS ASKS ABOUT scantness present, the generator presents the gentlewoman indigence as a fine, beautiful maiden whom Francis is eagerly pursuance with great en olibanumiasm and caution. In his betoken to construeing her, he came across n first con hunt down on the streets of the towns and cities and enquired of the where rounds of chick pauperism.The condition in this section, time-tested to present the raft living in the cities as those friars who were living in the cities and then, because they live in the cities, they could non control what Francis is give tongue to. According t o the generator, the friars that live in the towns and cities can non get around away the literal error ceremonial of leanness, because they be living in the instaurati yet founder of the knowledge base and so it exit be challenging for them to live out the literal reflection of pauperism. That is why they could non understand what Francis was enquiring from them and they t one-time(a) Francis to speak in their own row or what Francis is saying is foreign to them. The raft in the towns and cities be more wedded to temporal demands and activities to the extent that exiguity is elaten as a grown and accursed matter non to be admired or ascertained. I provide go to the high hat and the wise According to the indite, Francis thought that if he went to the wise and the lenient, they would help him find doll indigence, but as soon as he got to the wise and enquired, they rebuked him that he should not come to them regarding anything dealing with pauperism tha t they ar blessed with their merriments and extravagance. here(predicate) the antecedent tried to portray the friars living in the cities and those engaged in studies as the lenient and the wise that Francis met. That is why the origin, in his defense of the companions and their idea of the literal placard exiguity, come in these statement in the mouth of Francis that he marveled and bless paragon for hiding these things to the lenient and the wise (that is the friars in the cities), and revealing them to the curt iodins (that is Friars in the hermitages) that atomic number 18 sheepf experient to the notification of pauperization.After he unexpended the city, he quickly came to a certain cranial orbit from afar, he precept ii doddery men wasted by from great sorrow Here Francis go forth the city where the secular, lenient and wise argon (Friars in cities) and went to certain field and met with 2 senior men clad in sorrow (Friars in hermitages). Here the roo t is conveying a message that those that specifyk to note the literal observance of need argon not found in cities but rather in rural, and contrary places standardized the fields, or the hermitages.In other linguistic process the reservoir is saying that these atomic number 18 the Friars who atomic number 18 penny-pinching to the observance of destitution, for they live far away from cities and their inhabitations be at the hermitages which of course argon found in the inappropriate atomic number 18as. Whom shall I respect except the one who is execrable and contrite in spirit and the one who trembles at my nomenclature Here the former is conveying a message that the literal observance of poorness is more valuable than obedience to the seedities, for the Rule is the Gospel and the Gospel is christ Jesus who is graven image, the highest originity.We brought nothing into this world the other tell and without doubt we take nothing out of it, but having food a nd whatsoever covers us, we ar content with these The informant is saying that a true Friar that go along indigence give be content with the introductory things of life which argon food and whatever covers them this is in total contrast to those friars in towns and cities pursuit for egotism-sufficiency and knowledge. This alike shows how great(p) and wise the friars in the hermitages be in their serious observance of poverty. (Sacred Exchange, p. 530, n. 6 & 8) HE ASKS TO BE SHOWN WHERE mendicancy LIVESFrancis asks the two former(a) men tell me I ask you, where does peeress Poverty dwell? Where does she eat? Where does she rest at noon? For I languish in go to sleep of her equivalence the behavior in which Francis asked the two hoary Men (I beg you), and the manner he asked the lenient and those on the streets of towns and cities, you will notice that the fountain metricly put the statement (I beg you), to tip out the fact that Francis saw the old men as one of the little ones, to whom god has revealed the mysteries of the kingdom of idol and, because of this, they could turn in him clue as to how to find doll Poverty.Furthermore, the germ deliberately put the deuce-ace questions, which in Hebrew numbering system, tether things, symbolizes actual and serious. That actor Francis questions atomic number 18 substantial and of serious matter because he is actually serious to meet peeress Poverty. Francis enthusiasm, restlessness, fadeless desire and sleep together for brothel keeper Poverty, shows that poverty is indeed worthwhile to be find literally and not to be throw away. near Brother The old men called Francis honorable brother because they likewise see Francis as a equalminded person, that is they and Francis are seeking to observe poverty.Furthermore, it is conveying a message that those that observe poverty without gloss, are the trusty brothers, that is, the snug lesser brothers. We nominate sat here for a time and for clock and fractional a time Here the author is trying to portray the fact that these old Men rush do the field (that is, the abandon place) as their new stay on where they are living. They fled the cities to the remote place to dependably and properly observe lady poverty. They told Francis that many search for her and when they find her, they accompanied her for a while, but they will leave her all by herself.The author is conveying a message that at the beginning, the merit of poverty is longed for and unwaveringly observed by state, and spiritual in particular, but after a while they can become tepid in the observance of poverty callable to the allurement of the profane possessions and then(prenominal) stepwise abandoning. The children of my mother have fought against me Meaning that those that sought to have and to observe her (i. e. wench Poverty) after a while, have abandoned her, she cried out. inviolablely the old Men will say to skirt Poverty that the upright be honord her importation that unaccompanied the upright ones that are set apart to live spiritually and renounce the world and his allurements, by living in the deserted places alike the hermitage are the ones that truly love her. In paragraph ten, the author tried to defend the fact that poverty is the highest form of all virtue and that the mandates or commands to observe this virtue comes from immortal and should be observed with the highest reverence out front any other.It is for this rationalness that the author wrote she is dwelling in the heavenly plenteousnesss because theology loved her higher up all the tabernacles of Jacob (i. e. , poverty is place higher than other virtues just as Joseph son of Jacob is exulted above his brothers). Since poverty is the highest virtue, solo the humble, not redden the giants and the eagles (pride of strength and knowledge), can touch the footprints and shoulder.Again this says that no amount of materialisti c knowledge and possessions can take one to derive the highest virtue of poverty and the rewards of the faithful observance of poverty are just now for the sacred who per unforgivings to the end. Furthermore, skirt Poverty is hidden from the eyes of the self sufficient, worldly comforted, lenient and wise ghostlike friars, because they navigate so swiftly in worldly knowledge and wisdom that like the birds of the sky that fly so high they are proud.Paragraph el nevertheless contains the conditions for those who wish to setting high to stir the place where gentlewoman Poverty dwells. The author wrote that the old men express to Francis to retain up all possessions, like books, knowledge, fine clothes etc. out front he can approach the megabucks success beneficialy to reach and attain the highest virtue of poverty. The author is telling the friars to do away with worldly affairs like possessions, books, knowledge, for much(prenominal) things are obstacles that keep them from notice poverty.The author went on to say that poverty is kind and will be seen and found by those who seek her with sincerity and love. at last the author is saying to the friars that if they truly love to observe poverty, they will be willing to give up all their worldly possessions for her. To think about her brother, is perfect understanding, and whoever keeps scout for her will easily be secured From this statement, the author is telling the friars that observing poverty is the way to perfect knowledge and security.In other wrangle the author is saying to the friars that they should seek first the kingdom of god which is hidden in the observance of poverty then all other things like knowledge, goods, securities etc, will be given them, re-echoing the statement of savior in the Gospel. Take faithful companions with you so that during the mountain ascent, you will have their advice and be intone by their help Here it is manifest that there are already factions in the Order which are often called the Companions who are different from the wise and lenient.It also shows that Francis entangle at fireside with the Companions because he saw in them genuine forwardness of the observance of the Rule and poverty and so he en consecrateed his care to these Companions and also sought advice from them alone. The author is saying that those that seek advice to live the Minorite life more suddenly should seek the commissions of the faithful friars because they observe the Rule and poverty as Francis did. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 531-532, n. 9, 10, & 11) BLESSED FRANCIS ENCOURAGES HIS BROTHERSHere we are told that Francis received the advice and focus of the old men in a deserted place (hermitage), unlike his rejection of the counsel of the wise and lenient and those he met on the streets of the towns and cities. Also, in paragraph 12, the author reemphasizes Francis picking of the faithful companions. The aim of this emphasis is to pass a message that on ly those friars who are faithful to the literal observance of poverty are truly faithful and they are the friars that Francis extols in this section.Furthermore, the idea of the author to use the language old men (not young men) in the field and the hatful in the town and city, is a deliberate and selective statement apply specifically to convey a message that the old men stand for the faithful members of the Order that unflustered keep to the literal observance of poverty, while the raft in the cities and towns are the majority of the members of the Order who are treasonous because they do not observe poverty literally due to the allurements of the world.From the statement, come let us climb the mountain of the gentle and the dwelling of madam Poverty, that she may train us her ways and we business leader toss in her paths The author is saying that Francis sees poverty as the only way through which all holiness and knowledge are achieved, thus telling the friars to see the observance of poverty as their priority and that they should give their all to knowing how to attain this highest virtue.The author, in order to properly defend his thought that only the few that live in hermitages can observe the literal observance of poverty faithfully, puts this question on the lips of the companions who can climb this mountain and who can reach its summits? The author indicates that Francis answers the question (by putting the answers on the lips of Francis) by saying that the road is difficult and the gate is narrow, only the few can find it, again emphasizing that the few who keep the observance of poverty in fields and hermitages (not the majority in the convents of the cities) are the ones who can attain its summits.Furthermore, in order to defend those friars who are lancinate on observing the Rule and poverty of the Order literally, who are in obedience to christ (authors defense of the obedience of the hermitage friars as opposed to the friars of t he Community who are keen on obedience to the Church), the author wrote that the friars in hermitage are in obedience to messiah because if they are observing the Rule and poverty which is the Gospel they are, therefore, obeying Christ who is the Gospel and god himself the highest supreme being to be obeyed a strait any other imprimatur. Authority here means the Church or the see general of the Order). The author in his march on defense state that Francis say to the Friars The nub is in the first place your face, Christ the Lord, who draws you to the heights of the mountain in bails of love. Finally in this section, the author wrote After he said these things, they all began to follow the holy Francis Here the author is saying that the faithful friars will invariably see Christ in Francis, because he is holy and, being a perfect imitator of Christ, (alter Christus) the friars should keep to his teachings and ideals, thus do them holy as well. Sacred Exchange, pp. 532-533, n. 12 & 13) beggary MARVELS AT THE EASE OF THEIR insurrection As the theme of this section is titled, the author tries to shed more light on the importance of detachment as the furbish up criterion to attain the highest virtue of all virtues Lady Poverty. To defend this notion he wrote She (Lady Poverty) was greatly astonished at see these men climbing so ably, virtually flying. Also, the author wrote that Lady Poverty was astonished at their pace.In addition, to point out the preparation of the faithful friars towards attaining the virtue close to skillful(p) to them, Lady Poverty exclaimed who are these men, she asked, who fly like clouds and like doves to their windows? To express the dishonour and joy of Lady Poverty at the fire, detachment, pace and uniqueness of these faithful friars, the author wrote She (Lady Poverty) said it has been a long time since I have seen such people or gazed upon those so unencumbered, all their charge up set aside (i. e. Lady Poverty admiring their detachment).Furthermore, to prove that many faithful have been led astray by distractions of the abysm (i. e. worldly affairs) by seeking worldly knowledge, merriments, living speciously, thereby making them to result and then ultimately abandon the observance of Lady Poverty, the author wrote Therefore I (Lady Poverty) will speak to them (the truly faithful friars) about what engages my liveliness so that, when they are staring down the abyss (distractions or worldly allurements) they do not like the others (i. e. the derailed friars) have second thoughts about such a climb.The author also wrote that Lady Poverty said There will be a reward for me before my heavenly Father if I give them saving advice. This statement of Lady Poverty re-emphasizes the fact that poverty is from perfection and since it is Gods plan that we should observe it, then that mandate must be obeyed else we are going contrary to his commandments since He is the almighty to whom all must o bey before any human or religious authorities. In paragraph fifteen, and elsewhere in this book, the author invariably describes Lady Poverty as being naked.For instance, he wrote in this section And so Lady Poverty resting on a throne in her nakedness. By this statement, the author tries to convey a message that Lady Poverty can only be clothed with our willingness to constrict and to observe her with faithfulness and detachment. But when those that are faithful were derailed and misguided by the allurements of the world, they abandoned the observance of poverty, thus making her naked. And perceive a persona was heard business not daughter of Zion, because these men are the seed whom the Lord has delighted in unfeigned love.The author, through this statement, is trying to present the faithful friars to be like Christ at his baptism at River Jordan, when a voice is heard from the cloud saying discern this is my beloved son in whom am well prosperous listen to him. Here the a uthor is saying that God is pleased with their literal observance of the poverty and that they should not lose hope or despair, rather they should be faithful to the end. Welcome them with blessings and sweetness. ordain me brothers Here the author is saying that Lady Poverty will always be ready to lavish her blessings and rewards on those (i. . the faithful brothers) who keep to the observance of poverty thus opening more doors to Gods blessings and divine parsimony. Are you perhaps, looking for me whom as you can see I am poor little one tossed about by storms and without solace? Here the author tries to present the attitude and approaches that the friars had towards Lady Poverty and how they abandoned the observance of poverty. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 533-534, n. 14, & 15) BLESSED FRANCIS plauditS POVERTY In paragraph sixteen, we see Lady Poverty being praised, declare and honoured by the brothers.They begged poverty to be their queen for they have seen above all from their e xperience that she is from the most high God and that it is through her (poverty) that Christ came to this world and undertook all aspects of his mission. The brothers also acknowledged that since the Most High used her (poverty) to get his mission on earth, so they begged her to give them, so that through her, they will also overcome the world and its allurements. They also see poverty as the key or gate to all other virtues, at once again reaffirming povertys uniqueness and her esteemed position where God has dictated her.The brothers knew that unless they are accepted by Lady Poverty, the queen of all virtues, they will be incapacitated. In summary, the brothers see poverty as the only medium which Christ used to come to this world, live among us, eat with us, hail penance and the Kingdom, be scourged, crucified and die on the Cross to redeem us. Therefore, it is inevitable that valet can conquer the world and its allurements only through embrace of the same virtue. In par agraph seventeen, the author, tries to present poverty as being preferred and odd by Christ to even the host of angels and other principalities and powers of Heaven.And it is evident in his incarnation when he odd his royalty and pitched his tent among us to embrace poverty. This is also confirmation of the highest dignity that she (i. e. poverty) has in the eyes of Christ. But it is often hard for man to see it that way due to his blindness and ignorance caused by worldly affairs, thus abandoning the greatest shelter and going after worthless and unsatisfying things that cannot lead him or her to eternal home but only to destruction. Furthermore, the author wrote that Francis, after his reflective praises of Lady Poverty, begged her to have condole with on them and to accept them, for it is only those that are ignorant (i. . those blinded by worldly affairs) that will not be want to have her (i. e. poverty) whom the Most High God cherished and honoured before everything els e. Finally, to show the zeal of Francis and his faithful companions the author wrote that They begged Lady Poverty to consider them for the sake of Christ with whom she abides and without whom no one will be saved. Here the author is saying that the virtue of poverty is from God, and he established that we observe it and thus we called to obey God before any authority (here, the author is fend for poverty against the Churchs notion of the observance of poverty). Sacred Exchange, pp. 534-535, n. 16, 17) DIGNITY OF POVERTY AND HER response The author tries to present the important authority that the virtue of poverty played in the coming of Christ into this world. First, to prove the postulate and importance of the observance of poverty, the author narrated how God used poverty to prepare the Blessed Mother, a poor and humble lady, and made her womb to be the first dwelling place of our Lord Jesus Christ. Also when it was time to be born, he preferred to be born in a poor place, a manger where animals are kept.Again the first people that received the news program of the birth of Christ are the poor shepherds, he had nowhere to lay his head (i. e. from the scriptures foxes have holes but the son of man has no place to lay his head). The author of the creatures has no place as his own here, showing his special love and bond for lady poverty. In paragraph twenty-one, even when Christ is being mocked, spat on, betrayed by his very dear apostles, insulted, slapped, the only consolation he got is from Lady Poverty because she is always faithful.The author is promote the friars not to allow for this virtue of all virtues. Here in paragraph twenty-three, the author tries to show that Lady Poverty will always respond with joy and delight towards those that are eager in her observance. She (poverty) always sees such people as her own. Little wonders why the author put the phrase Brothers and very dear friends here to show the level or degree of love she has towar ds those that seek her genuinely. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 535-537, n. 19, 21 & 23)A RECOLLECTION OF POVERTY IN nirvana In this section, we see the author, in his quick-witted ability to perfectly connect words and scriptural scenarios together, liken the joy that cristal and Eve experienced in nirvana and the loss of that joy as a result of their unfaithfulness and disobedience with the relaxation and serene experiences that the some friars had when they were faithful to the observance of poverty and the woes and flaws that others experienced because of their rejection of the literal observance of poverty.In a nutshell, the author is conveying a message, that just as man lost paradise by the cunning of the serpent, which consequently led to disobedience, so the friars will lose their holiness and spiritual esteem by the allurements of worldly possessions (i. e. books, fine clothes leisurely houses and living in towns and cities) leading to their rejection of poverty.Furthermore, just as man tried to give excuses for his deeds instead of asking for Gods mercy and forgiveness and thus incurred His wrath, so it would be for the friars, if they continue to defend their reasons for trying to mitigate the literal observance of poverty. Finally in this section, the author is encouraging the friars to come endorse to the primitive observance of poverty and if they do come game to it, God will replenish them with all the graces they have lost and thus enjoy Gods divine providence which the world cannot give.He tried to liken the exult and honour that the friars would experience again, with the redemptive or salvific victory that Christ won for us when he reconciled gentleman to God once again by his blood. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 537-539, n. 25-30. ) THE COVENANT OF CHRIST In this section, we can see the overall point of the author and his reason for agitating for the friars return to the literal observance of poverty. He said that Lady Poverty is a compact car or testament which Christ specifically left to his disciples and thus the friars.The author is encouraging the friars to trust in divine providence and that they should not worry about what to wear, what to eat etc. , that all these will be provided for only if they observe poverty. (Sacred Exchange, p. 539, n. 31) THE APOSTLES Here the author is saying that even the apostles observe the virtue of poverty both in their words and actions and, thereby won so many souls for Christ. They never said anything of their own word, but what Christ asked them to say.They contributed consort to their ability and shared according to needs of the corporation en rely to them. The author said it is because of the great impact of the lifestyle of wee Christian familiarity of which the apostles were the guide. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 539-540, n. 32) THE PEACE unrepentant TO POVERTY The author tries to tell the friars that not all that glitters is gold that at times when all is going well, they sh ould be very cautious because there can be evil dis pretensiond as good just to derail them from the observance of poverty.He likened the cause of the Orders clericalization and into cities (urbanization), which was taking the Order away from the accepted observance of poverty, with the recreation pact and legitimization of Christianity as the official trust of the Roman Empire, which according to the author did more harm than good, because from the time of the pact zeal for the Lord and His kingdom, expressed in persecution and martyrdom, had waned. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 541-532, n. 34-35) THE PRAISE OF THE advantageously POOR The author in this section tried to be more specific about the two factions already emerging in the Franciscan Order. i. e. , the community and the companions) Observing paragraph thirty-seven After a while, some began to breathe and willingly to walk the right path which for some time they had walked out of necessity. From the statement the author is sa ying that some of the friars (i. e. the companions) realize that things were not going well with the Order, for many have all failed to observe poverty, so they struggled hard to restore a more autochthonic observance of poverty often, however, they were opposed by the other friars (i. . the community). (Sacred Exchange, p. 542, n. 37) The author further called the companions men of virtue pleasing and blameless before God which, in other words, means that the friars should not be dismayed by the antagonism and criticism they receive from the community rather they should be happy for they are pleasing and acceptable to God and, thus, he listed a great litany of virtues, attributing them solely to the companions (Sacred Exchange, p. 542, n. 38) POVERTY WARNS FALSE RELIGIOUSIn encouraging the faithful friars, (i. e. , the companions) Lady Poverty urged them to be steadfast and kibosh their heads high they should be persistent in their pursuit of her embrace and that they should be intended of the dangers of worldly enticements so that they will not be derailed like the others because if they are not sure, their fate would be worse. For under the guise of piety, they withdraw from that which was given them by a holy commandment. (Sacred Exchange, p. 543, n. 40) POVERTY SPEAKS ABOUT GOOD RELIGOUSIn this section, the author tries to convey a message that those friars who are faithful to the observance of poverty are not easily entangle or seduced by worldly desires, for they are always praying with all humility and joy. Also, the author calls them Israel, which means that they are the chosen people of God and they are always blessed and favoured by Him since He had made covenant with them and for this reason they will be honour by many people furthermore, they will be a light for all to see. (Sacred Exchange, p. 44, n. 42) POVERTY WARNS THEM TO RETURN In this section, the author is trying to persuade the friars to return to the original charism of the observan ce of Poverty. He wrote Return you children who are withdrawing and I will heal your aversion. The author here used some scriptural words that the prophets in the Old Testament used in order to call the Israelites to repentance lest they perish. He asked them to listen to their heart and that they should not be stubborn else they might lose their souls to worldly possessions.Furthermore, he tries to explain how miserable the lives of those friars will be who forswear to repent and that the punishment that awaits those that disobeyed Christs commands will be more severe than the punishment that the Israelites got simply because they violate the rule that Moses gave them, for the Son of Man is greater than Moses and all the prophets and saints. (Sacred Exchange, p. 548, n. 51) THE LORD SPEAKS TO LADY POVERTY With these words They have departed and gone away for they have not rejected you (Lady Poverty) but me (i. . , God), the author is saying that the observance of poverty means the acceptance and obedience of Gods commands which supersedes all other authority therefore, whoever refuse to observe poverty is rejecting God. (Sacred Exchange, p. 548, n. 52) LADY POVERTY ADMONISHES BLESSED FRANCIS ABOUT mount up AND REGRESSION IN RELIGIOUS LIFE. The author is saying to the friars not to look back for those that have put their hands on the plough and look back are not fit for the kingdom of God.He reminded the friars to always remember what happened to Lots married woman whenever they are being tempted by the knock rummy of evil thoughts to go against the literal observance of poverty. Furthermore, he urged those who are faithful to the observance of poverty to keep up their venturesome work and that they are seen as the trusted friends of God therefore, they are not far from the kingdom of heaven because they have intractable to take the path of ascent where only few can go. Finally, he said to the friars to see Christ as the only model and guide and that they should be careful not to fall into the trap of seeking vain worldly knowledge, wealth etc. hich leads to greed, pride and sloth, for if they happen to fall to this snares, it will be very difficult to see from such a pit because it is not easy to come back to perfectly observe poverty due to the snares of the worldly riches. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 549-550, n. 53-55) BLESSED FRANCIS TOGHETHER WITH HIS BROTHERS RESPOND TO LADY POVERTY Here the author tries to prove that Francis and his brothers love and desire to observe poverty as they consecrate themselves totally to the observance of poverty.Francis and his brothers damned poverty, because through her many people are blest and have won Gods favours. They said that although they were hearing bad rumors about her, they have come to see and experience what she (Lady Poverty) perfectly means and is and they begged her not to give them little of herself for they are ready to observe her more fervently like never before and always be h er spouse. (Sacred Exchange, p. 550, n. 56-58) THE CONSENT OF POVERTY The author said that poverty consented to the pleas of Francis and his brothers as she embraced them with all her graces and blessings.The author said that Francis was so happy for the love of Lady Poverty that he move to praise God with all his strength, for she has finally accepted them to be her spouse. (Sacred Exchange, p. 551, n. 58) THE BANQUET OF POVERTY WITH THE BROTHERS Here in this section, the author equivalence the dwellings of the friars in the city (i. e. the community friars) with their luxurious houses and settings, kitchen, associate meals, rooms, condiments and dining room, etc. ith the poor dwellings of the companions with stones for their pillows, bread and piddle as their assorted food, cracked bowls as their water bowl, their teeth as their knife, their habit as their hand towel and the whole world as their enclosure, thus showing that the friars in hermitages are the faithful ones with t he observance of poverty and thats why she is so happy with them always. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 551-552, n. 59-63) LADY POVERTY BLESSES THE BROTHERS AND URGES THEM TO PERSEVERE WITH THE favor THEY HAVE RECEIVED Therefore, I (i. . , Lady Poverty) beg you brothers(the faithful ones who keep to the literal observance of poverty), through the mercy of God which has made you so poor, do that for which you have come, that for which you have risen up from the wet of Babylon The author is urging the friars to continue in their observance of poverty because Gods blessings and grace is already bestowed upon them and, for through them, so many souls will be won their prayers always rise like incense of sweet smell before the Trinity.Finally, the author is saying that the faithful friars will forevermore be honoured, for they have made the angels in heaven rejoice continually, the whole friendship of heaven, saints, martyrs, virgins, blessed etc, are all celebrating for their devotedness a nd love their exemplary lives, though full of struggle, are not in vain. (Sacred Exchange, pp. 553-554, n. 64-69) finishing Following our analysis of the Sacred Exchange it is apparent that the author is full of bias and prejudice towards the friars that sought to live the observance of poverty in a modify way in towns and cities.Nevertheless, one may ask if someone wants to take what is cherished and valued away from another, would that one be happy? Would he/she not try everything in his/her power to protect it from being taken away? The writer of this precious document, and those who shared his perspective on events of the archaean brotherhood, was not writing to cause division in the Order, rather, it would seem that he was defending something so precious and necessary to the charism of the Order. The writer was attempting to safeguard something he considered a natural value he was writing for what he perceived to be a just cause.Though Franciscans of today know they cannot observe poverty in the same way the early friars due to the absolutely clear differences in the societal and cultural settings of their time and ours, still there many of things we can learn from their zeal, their spirituality and their faithfulness in keeping living this aspect of our Franciscan heritage which we have inherited and must pass on to generations of friars yet to come. Finally, let us cherish all their efforts by appreciating their literary productions and studying them well, for if we study them, we learn from their spirituality, their intellectuality, and also from their mistakes.Then we can apply them to our age. For in their writings, we could find answers to some of the problems that we face today, and in doing so, we are keeping the eight hundred years old Franciscan tradition alive for the friar yet to be born. BIBLIOGRAPHY Francis of Assisi, Sacred Exchange between Saint Francis of Assisi and Lady Poverty in Regis J. Armstrong Et al. Francis of Assisi Early Documents, VOL. I The Saint (London New City Press, 1999), pp. 529-554.